modality N1 rare writtenliteraryarchaic

〜べからず/べからざる — must not ~ (classical prohibition)

〜べからず/べからざる ・ べからず/べからざる
Builds on 〜べきだ

Meaning

Key sentence

No parking here. (lit. one must not park here)

Formation

Attaches toFormExample
Verb (dictionary form), sentence-final V-dict + べからず はいる → はいるべからず、する → すべからず
Verb (dictionary form), adnominal before a noun V-dict + べからざる + Noun ゆるす → ゆるすべからざる行為こうい 'an unforgivable act'

When: Literary and archaic; in modern Japanese it survives on warning signs (立入たちいり禁止きんし=入るべからず) and in fixed phrases. Everyday prohibition uses てはいけない or 〜な.

Examples

Never forget your original resolve. (a famous maxim)
One must not litter in public places.
That is a problem that must not be overlooked.
He is an indispensable talent. (lit. one who must not be lacking)

Easily confused with

Notes

See 〜べからず/べからざる in real sentences

Jengo shows 〜べからず/べからざる the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.

Study it in Jengo

Sources Compiled with reference to A Dictionary of Advanced Japanese Grammar.

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