Japanese Grammar Skill Tree

Every Japanese grammar point on one page, ordered by usefulness rather than exam level. Pick a goal for a curated path through the map, or browse the whole thing and filter by level, frequency, or family.

1,460 grammar points, 1,197 with full written guides · 61 on the Foundations line · 16 families

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By exam level
JLPT N5 136 points → JLPT N4 367 points → JLPT N3 701 points → JLPT N2 1,087 points → JLPT N1 1,406 points →
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Read novels Cracking open novels, literary essays or classical-flavoured prose. 139 points → Casual & spoken Following anime, dramas and real conversation without subtitles. 852 points → Keigo Working in Japanese, or any setting where register is everything. 37 points →
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Frequency
Forms you build on the conjugation forms everything else attaches to
どうしのグループ
the three verb classes — godan (u-verb), ichidan (ru-verb), and irregular (する・来る) — that determine how every verb conjugates
formverb-classes
れんようけい
the masu-stem (連用形): the verb base used for ます, compounds, and conjunctive linking
formmasu-stem
てけい
the て-form of verbs/adjectives: the connective form used for linking, requests, and aspect
formte-form
たけい
the plain past (た) form of verbs and adjectives; the base for たら, たり, and clauses like 〜たことがある
formta-form
ないけい
the plain negative (ない) form of verbs; the base for なかった, なくて, ないで and many negative patterns
formnai-form
ばけい
the provisional conditional (〜ば) form: 'if/when ~', built from the e-row stem plus ば
formba-conditional
いこうけい
the volitional (〜よう/おう) form: 'let's ~ / I'll ~ / shall we ~'; the base for ようとする and ようとおもう
formvolitional-form
しえきけい
the causative (〜せる/させる) form: 'make/let someone do'; the base for the causative-passive and for 〜させてください
formcausative-form
じょすうし
counter suffixes attached to numerals to count things, people, and occurrences (〜個, 〜人, 〜回, 〜枚)
formcounter
Foundations the core every learner needs first, shared by every goal
Copula & the は～だ frame
plain non-past copula 'is / are' (asserts identity or state)
N5 copula da
polite copula 'is / are' (です・ます style)
N5 copula desu
わ
particle は marking the topic/theme (as for ~)
N5 particle wa-2
particle の: possessive/linking (A の B = B of A) and nominalizer (clause → noun)
N5 particle no-3
is not ~ (casual negative copula); also tag 'right?'
N5 copula janai
past-tense plain copula 'was / were'
N5 copula datta
Core case & binding particles
particle が marking the grammatical subject
N5 particle ga-2
particle を marking the direct object
N5 particle o
particle に marking destination/direction and location of existence (に行く, にある/いる)
N5 particle ni-2
particle に marking the indirect object (recipient): to / for someone
N5 particle ni-3
particle で: means/instrument, place of action, time/limit, cause
N5 particle de
particle か: question marker; embedded question / uncertainty (〜かどうか)
N5 particle ka
え
particle へ marking direction/goal of movement (toward)
N5 particle e
particle と: 'and' (exhaustive listing of nouns); 'with' (accompaniment)
N5 particle to-2
particle も: also, too (adds to a set)
N5 particle mo
particle から marking a starting point: from (place/time)
N5 particle kara-3
until; as far as; up to; (emphatic) even
N5 particle made
sentence-final particle seeking agreement/confirmation; softens a statement
N5 particle ne
sentence-final particle asserting/emphasizing information to the listener
N5 particle yo
Verb bases & politeness
れんようけい
the masu-stem (連用形): the verb base used for ます, compounds, and conjunctive linking
N5 form masu-stem
the polite non-past ます and its paradigm — ます / ません / ました / ませんでした — the standard です・ます-register verb ending
N5 auxiliary masu-form
てけい
the て-form of verbs/adjectives: the connective form used for linking, requests, and aspect
N5 form te-form
plain negative auxiliary 〜ない; also 'there is not / does not exist'
N5 auxiliary nai
honorific request: please give / please do ~ (てください)
N5 auxiliary kudasai
て-form uses & aspect
the て-form: links clauses, sequences actions, and forms soft requests
N5 connective te
please do ~ (polite request)
N5 auxiliary te-kudasai
be ~ing (progressive); resultant ongoing state
N5 aspect te-iru
after ~ing
N5 connective te-kara
may ~; it's all right to ~ (permission)
N5 modality te-mo-ii
must not ~ (prohibition)
N5 modality te-wa-ikenai
do ~ completely; end up ~ing (often regrettably)
N4 aspect te-shimau
try ~ing; do ~ and see (what happens)
N4 auxiliary te-miru
Benefactive giving/receiving
to give (something to someone), from the giver's viewpoint
N5 other ageru
(someone) gives to me / my in-group (giver's action toward speaker)
N5 other kureru
to do something for someone (benefactive auxiliary)
N4 auxiliary ageru-2
(someone) does ~ for me / my in-group (benefactive, toward speaker)
N4 auxiliary kureru-2
to have someone do something for you (benefactive, receiver's viewpoint)
N4 auxiliary morau
Desire & basic modality
want to (do) — V-stem + たい
N5 modality tai
want (something) (〜がほしい); with て-form, want someone to do (〜てほしい)
N5 modality hoshii
probably ~ / I suppose ~ (conjecture); also seeks agreement '~right?'
N5 modality darou
polite conjecture 'probably ~' / seeks agreement '~right?' (= polite だろう)
N5 modality deshou
might / maybe / perhaps ~
N4 modality kamoshirenai
should / be supposed to / be expected to ~ (はずだ, reasoned expectation)
N4 modality hazu
The four conditionals
conditional と: whenever/if X, (then the natural/automatic result)
N4 conditional to-conditional
if; when (conditional); how about (suggestion)
N4 conditional tara
conditional 'if ~' (ば-form): general, hypothetical, and natural-consequence conditions
N4 conditional ba
if; if it is the case that ~ (contextual conditional, takes up a topic)
N4 conditional nara
Clause connectives & temporal frames
because; since (reason/cause)
N5 connective kara
because; since (states a reason, softer/more objective than から)
N5 connective node
but / though / however (casual)
N5 connective kedo
conjunctive が meaning 'but' (contrast between two clauses)
N4 connective ga-3
although ~; even though ~ (concessive, often with surprise/regret)
N4 connective noni
while ~ing (two actions at once); also: although; even though
N4 connective nagara
とき
when ~; at the time that ~ (temporal clause)
N5 connective toki
まえに
before ~ing; prior to (an action)
N5 connective mae-ni
after ~ (doing) / later
N4 connective ato-de
Nominalizers & comparison
nominalizer turning a clause into a noun; also clause-final ことだ giving a rule/instruction (should ~)
N4 nominalizer koto
のがすき
to like ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-suki
~ is more (comparative: AのほうがBより)
N5 connective no-hou-ga
~ is more ~ than ~ (comparison)
N5 particle yori-no-hou-ga
いちばん
most / the most ~ (superlative marker: 一番高い)
N5 adverbial ichiban

Every grammar point

Everything else, grouped by family: 1309 more patterns beyond the Foundations. Open a family to browse it, or filter by level, frequency, family, or goal to search across all of them at once.

Particles134
from ~ to ~
N5 essential kara-made
only / just ~
N5 essential dake
topic は, subject が within it
N5 essential wa-ga
へいく
to go to ~
N5 essential he-iku
only
N5 essential shika
every role of the particle に
N5 essential ni
marking a point in time
N5 essential ni-5
whether (or not)
N4 essential ka-dou-ka
do such things as ~ and ~
N4 essential tari-tari
do things like ~ and ~ (full pattern)
N4 essential tari-tari-suru
than / from
N4 essential yori
even ~ / ~ or something
N4 essential de-mo
by (a deadline)
N4 essential made-ni
extent / degree
N3 essential hodo
about / concerning
N3 essential ni-tsuite
sentence-final の: explanatory tone or soft question
N5 common no-2
のなかでがいちばん
among ~, ~ is the most ~
N5 common no-naka-de-ga-ichiban
particle か: 'or'
N5 common ka-2
なにかなにも
something / anything / nothing
N5 common nani-ka-nani-mo
particle に marking the agent/source
N5 common ni-4
~ right?
N5 common yo-ne
だれかどこか
someone / no one, somewhere / nowhere
N5 common dareka-dokoka
whether ~ or ~
N4 common ka-ka
sentence-final 'I wonder / I hope ~'
N4 common kana
からつくる
made from ~ (raw material whose form changes)
N4 common kara-tsukuru
~ each
N4 common zutsu
made of ~ (material)
N4 common de-dekiru
between ~ and ~, which is more ~?
N4 common to-to-dochira-ga
things like ~ and ~
N4 common toka-toka
のなかで
among / of all ~
N4 common no-naka-de
both ~ and ~ / neither ~ nor ~
N4 common mo-mo
いがい
other than ~
N4 common igai
ほう
the ~ one / the ~ side (selecting an option)
N4 common hou-ga
sentence-final 'I wonder ~'
N4 common kashira
things like ~ (casual examples)
N4 common toka
sentence-final な expressing emotion or seeking agreement
N4 common na-2
sentence-final particle of emotion/admiration/wishing
N4 common naa
and so on / etc.
N4 common nado
particle も: even ~
N4 common mo-2
listing nouns non-exhaustively ('and, among others')
N4 common ya
particle を marking the space/path traversed
N4 common o-2
particle を marking the point of departure/separation
N4 common o-3
まえから
from before / for a while now
N4 common mae-kara
かなにか
~ or something
N3 common ka-nani-ka
only ~ / and that was the last ~
N3 common kiri
only ~
N3 common dake-shika
covered in ~ / full of ~
N3 common darake
casual って: quotative
N3 common tte
whether ~ or ~
N3 common demo-demo
only / nothing but ~
N3 common bakari
other than / besides ~ (〜のほか)
N3 common hoka
いらい
since / ever since ~
N3 common irai
ちゅう(に)／じゅう(に)
during ~ / within ~ / in the middle of ~
N3 common chu-ni
precisely / it is exactly ~ that
N3 common koso
even
N3 common sae
forceful assertion
N3 common zo
casual masculine question marker (on wh-questions)
N3 common dai
even ~
N3 common datte-2
...was it? / ...again? (recalling)
N3 common kke
even ~
N3 common de-sae
contrastive topic 'as for / when it comes to ~'
N3 common de-wa
as
N3 common to-shite
as for / for
N3 common to-shite-wa
(saying / thinking) things like ~
N3 common nado-to
(kinds of) ~ such as
N3 common nado-no
things like / (dismissively) ~ of all things
N3 common nanka
things like ~ / the idea of ~ (citing dismissively)
N3 common nante
over/through (a span: から〜にかけて)
N3 common ni-kakete
for / to (from someone's standpoint)
N3 common ni-totte
in order to (purpose)
N3 common ni-wa
by means of / by / depending on
N3 common ni-yotte
due to / depending on ~
N3 common ni-yoru
にかんして
regarding
N3 common ni-kanshite
にたいして
toward
N3 common ni-taishite
わ
contrastive and emphatic は
N3 common wa
colloquial もの: a reason or excuse with a touch of defiance
N3 common mon
around ~ / approximately ~
N2 common atari
from ~ through ~ / over the range of
N2 common kara-ni-kakete
do at least ~
N2 common dake-wa
is merely ~ / is nothing more than ~
N2 common de-shika-nai
のうちで
within ~
N2 common no-uchi-de
after an interval of ~ (三年ぶり 'first time in 3 years')
N2 common buri
ぬきで
without ~
N2 common nuki-de
ぶん
the portion/amount of ~
N2 common bun
speaking of ~ (exasperated/emphatic topic)
N2 common ttara
such as
N2 common to-itta
what is called ~ (definition)
N2 common to-wa
in
N2 common ni-oite
per (each)
N2 common ni-tsuki
にも — even/also to (emphatic に+も)
N2 common ni-mo
over
N2 common ni-watatte
にむかって
toward
N2 common ni-mukatte
にむけて
toward / aimed at
N2 common ni-mukete
only / merely
N2 common nomi
もまた
also
N2 common mo-mata
てんで
in the respect that
N2 common ten-de
casual sentence-final question particle
N4 uncommon kai
either ~ or ~
N3 uncommon ka-ka-dochiraka
sentence-final 'I wonder / right?'
N3 uncommon ka-ne
~ is about
N3 uncommon wa-kurai-desu
すうりょうは
は after a quantity: at least
N3 uncommon suuryou-wa
up through (a point), and that is the cutoff
N3 uncommon made-de
consist of / be composed of ~
N2 uncommon kara-naru
にかぎって
of all ~ / (precisely) this one
N2 uncommon ni-kagitte
things like ~ and ~
N2 uncommon ya-ya
what with ~ and ~
N2 uncommon yara-yara
as for that / that's really ~
N2 uncommon sore-wa
even ~
N2 uncommon de-sura
of course / certainly (emphatic)
N2 uncommon tomo
something or other / I wonder ~
N2 uncommon yara
sentence-final わ (soft emphasis, traditionally feminine)
N2 uncommon wa-3
たんいで
by units of
N2 uncommon tani-de
からにいたるまで
from ~ all the way to ~
N1 uncommon kara-ni-itaru-made
as much/many as ~
N1 uncommon kara-aru
かいなか
whether or not ~
N1 uncommon ka-ina-ka
the whole ~ together
N1 uncommon gurumi
all ~
N1 uncommon zukume
things like ~ and ~
N1 uncommon da-no-da-no
distinctive of ~
N1 uncommon nara-dewa
whether ~ or ~
N1 uncommon nari-nari
I wonder ~ (uncertainty
N1 uncommon no-yara
whether ~ or ~
N1 uncommon no-yara-no-yara
かで
under
N1 uncommon ka-de
even
N1 uncommon sura
(do it) despite that
N1 uncommon soko-o
all one can do is ~
N1 uncommon tada-nomi-da
emotive を — marks emotion/exclamation, esp. clause-final ものを
N1 uncommon o-4
the foremost ~
N1 rare kitte-no
even (just) ~
N1 rare dani
not even
N1 rare tari-tomo
at least ~
N1 rare nari-tomo
what with ~ and ~
N1 rare wa-wa
as for
N1 rare taruya
いちたりとも
not even a single ~
N1 rare ichi-tari-tomo-nai
Copula8
was not ~ (casual past negative copula)
N5 essential janakatta
topic-comment: X は Y だ
N5 essential wa-da
topic-comment, polite: X は Y です
N5 essential wa-desu
te-form of だ/です: 'being ~, and ...'
N5 essential de-3
to be ~
N4 common de-gozaimasu
はのひとつだ
~ is one of the ~
N4 common wa-no-hitotsu-da
is also ~
N3 common de-mo-aru
formal/written copula 'to be'
N3 common de-aru
Aspect & phase31
have not ~ yet
N5 essential mada-te-imasen
try to ~ / be about to ~
N4 essential you-to-suru
make an effort to ~
N4 essential youni-suru
come to ~ / reach the point where ~
N4 essential youni-naru
to put away / finish
N4 essential shimau
have done ~ before
N5 common koto-ga-aru
just (finished) ~ing
N4 common ta-tokoro
just ~ed
N4 common ta-bakari
(aspect) to go on doing
N4 common iku
was ~ing
N4 common te-ita
in the middle of ~ing
N4 common teiru-tokoro
(aspect) begin to ~
N4 common kuru-2
colloquial contraction of 〜ておく
N4 common toku
about to ~
N4 common ru-tokoro-da
はじめる
begin to ~ / start ~ing
N4 common hajimeru
だす
suddenly start ~ing / burst into ~ing
N4 common dasu
つづける
continue ~ing
N4 common tsuzukeru
(something) has been done and remains so
N4 common te-aru
do ~ in advance / in preparation
N4 common te-oku
come to no longer ~
N4 common naku-naru
おわる
finish (doing)
N4 common owaru
to be half-way ~ing / on the verge of ~
N3 common kakeru
to do nothing but ~
N3 common te-bakari-iru
was just about to ~
N3 common tokoro-datta
~ has become ~
N3 common wa-to-natte-iru
いっぽうだ
keeps getting more and more ~
N3 common ippou-da
make a habit of ~ing
N3 common koto-ni-shite-iru
leave ~ (in a state)
N3 common ppanashi
to be in the process of ~ing
N2 common tsutsu-aru
things only keep ~ing
N2 uncommon bakari-da
keep on ~ing / left in a continuing state
none rare tsuzuke-da
Conditionals44 Compare と・ば・たら・なら →
if not ~
N4 essential nakereba
if there is no ~
N4 common nakattara
if ~ (given what you say)
N4 common no-nara
if there is no ~ / without ~
N3 common ga-nakereba
if only ~
N3 common sae-ba
unless you first ~
N3 common te-kara-de-nai-to
if it isn't ~ / unless ~
N3 common de-nai-to
if it is not ~
N3 common de-nakattara
unless it is ~ / it must be ~
N3 common de-nakute-wa
if it is not ~ / unless it is ~
N3 common de-nakereba
if ~ is OK (with you)
N3 common de-yokereba
if only ~
N3 common ba-noni
the more ~, the more ~
N3 common ba-hodo
no matter how (much) ~
N3 common ikura-temo
even if ~
N3 common tatte
if possible
N3 common dekireba
if (were to happen)
N3 common moshimo-tara
if (it's the case that)
N3 common moshimo-nara
even if ~
N2 common to-shite-mo
かぎり
as long as ~
N2 common kagiri
even if one tries to ~
N2 common tatte-2
だら
colloquial conditional 'if it is ~'
N4 uncommon dara
unless you ~, (it won't happen)
N2 uncommon nai-koto-niwa-nai
the more ~, the better
N2 uncommon ba-hodo-yoi
if it is the case that ~
N2 uncommon youde-wa
if
N2 uncommon tari-shitara
unless ~
N2 uncommon nai-koto-ni-wa
without ~ (there can be no ~)
N2 uncommon nashi-de-wa
without ~
N2 uncommon nashi-ni-wa
if it is the case that ~ / if so ~
N2 uncommon no-de-areba
if one could (by any chance) ~
N2 uncommon mono-nara
rather than ~
N1 uncommon kurai-nara
if ~ had happened, then ~ would have
N1 uncommon tara-tokoro-da
たらさいご
once you ~, there's no going back
N1 uncommon tara-saigo
if it is the case that ~
N1 uncommon to-areba
ともなると
when it comes to ~
N1 uncommon to-mo-naru-to
といえども
even though ~ / although ~
N1 uncommon to-ie-domo
if ~, then that's the end of it
N1 uncommon ba-sore-made-da
if
N1 uncommon you-mono-nara
if it's the case that
N1 uncommon to-atte-wa
without ~ (there can be no ~)
N1 uncommon nakushite-wa
if ~ is ~ then ~
N1 rare ga-nara
whether ~ or ~
N1 rare de-are-de-are
であろうが
whether it be ~ (or not)
N1 rare de-arou-ga
Auxiliaries46
please do not ~
N5 essential nai-de-kudasai
easy to ~
N4 essential yasui
receive (humble)
N4 essential itadaku
too much / excessively ~
N5 common sugiru
show signs of / outwardly display a feeling
N4 common garu
to make (something) ~
N4 common ku-suru
please let me ~
N4 common sasete-kudasai
to show signs of wanting to ~
N4 common tagaru
colloquial/rough 〜てしまう: end up ~ing / do completely
N4 common chimau
colloquial 〜てしまう: do completely / end up ~ing
N4 common chau
could you please ~?
N4 common te-itadakemasen-ka
won't you ~? / can I get you to ~? (request)
N4 common te-kurenai
かする
to turn into ~ / -ize
N4 common ka-suru
there is
N4 common gozaimasu
have someone do ~
N4 common te-itadaku
someone kindly does ~ for me
N4 common te-kudasaru
hard to ~
N4 common nikui
like
N4 common no-youna
まっ
completely / deep ~
N4 common ma-prefix
hard to ~
N3 common zurai
try ~ing
N3 common te-goran
あう
to do ~ to each other
N3 common au
こむ
to do ~ thoroughly / repeatedly, or to move ~ inward
N3 common komu
あがる
to finish ~ing completely
N3 common agaru-ageru
きる
to do ~ completely / all the way to the end
N3 common kiru
きれない
cannot finish ~ing / too many to ~
N3 common kirenai
なおす
to re-do
N3 common naosu
とおす
to do ~ all the way through
N3 common toosu
てき
-ic / -al
N3 common teki
do ~ for (an inferior/animal)
N3 common te-yaru
ぬく
to do ~ all the way through (despite hardship)
N2 common nuku
do ~ for someone
N3 uncommon te-sashiageru
not ~ / without ~ing
N2 uncommon zu
do ~
N2 uncommon tamae
do ~ to show / I'll show you I can ~
N2 uncommon te-miseru
おねがう
to
N2 uncommon o-negau
classical/literary negative auxiliary (= ない)
N2 uncommon nu
tinged with ~
N1 uncommon jimita
to miss the chance to ~
N1 uncommon sobireru
to take on the quality of ~
N1 uncommon biru
to put on airs of ~
N1 uncommon buru
to do ~ vigorously, relentlessly, or over and over
N1 uncommon makuru
to show signs of ~
N1 uncommon meku
そこなう
to fail to ~
N1 uncommon sokonau
having the appearance of ~
N1 rare gamashii
to ~ unceasingly
N1 rare te-yamanai
Modality & mood266
to want (a thing)
N5 essential ga-hoshii
had better ~ / should ~
N5 essential ta-hou-ga-ii
must not be ~ / it won't do
N5 essential de-wa-ikenai
had better not ~
N5 essential nai-hou-ga-ii
don't have to ~
N5 essential naku-temo-ii
shall I ~? / shall we ~?
N5 essential mashou-ka
won't you ~? (invitation)
N5 essential masen-ka
must not ~ (polite)
N5 essential te-wa-ikemasen
must ~
N5 essential nakute-wa-ikenai
must ~
N5 essential nakute-wa-naranai
explanatory のだ (polite / written)
N5 essential no-desu
let's ~ (polite volitional)
N5 essential mashou
explanatory のだ (polite spoken)
N5 essential n-desu
~ is better / it'd be better to ~
N4 essential hou-ga-ii
〜ようとおもう
be thinking of ~ing / intend to ~
N4 essential you-to-omou
can / be able to ~
N4 essential koto-ga-dekiru
intend to ~
N4 essential tsumori
must ~
N4 essential nai-to-ikenai
must ~
N4 essential nakereba-ikenai
must ~ / have to ~
N4 essential nakereba-naranai
explanatory のだ / んだ
N4 essential no-da
it seems / looks like ~
N4 essential youda
must not ~
N5 common cha-ikenai
gotta ~
N5 common naku-cha
がみられる
~ can be seen / observed
N4 common ga-mirareru
がひつよう
~ is necessary
N4 common ga-hitsuyou
there are times when ~
N4 common koto-ga-aru-2
isn't it ~?
N4 common janai-ka
looks like ~
N4 common souda-2
そうに
looking ~
N4 common sou-ni
what should I ~?
N4 common tara-ii-desu-ka
why don't you ~?
N4 common tara-dou
isn't it ~?
N4 common dewa-nai-ka
it'd be nice if ~ / I hope ~
N4 common to-ii
it is said / regarded as ~
N4 common to-sarete-iru
といってもいい
you could say that ~
N4 common to-ittemo-ii
といわれている
it is said that ~
N4 common to-iwarete-iru
とかんがえられている
it is thought / considered that ~
N4 common to-kangaerarete-iru
have to ~
N4 common naito
にみえる
to look ~
N4 common ni-mieru
I wonder if ~
N4 common no-darou-ka
there is no way that ~
N4 common hazu-ga-nai
it should be ~
N4 common hazu-da
should have ~ / I wish I had ~
N4 common ba-yokatta
like ~
N4 common mitai
みたいに
like ~
N4 common mitai-ni
like ~ / such as ~
N4 common yona
to want (someone to)
N4 common you-ni-te-hoshii
potential られる: can / be able to
N4 common rareru-3
ひつようがある
there is a need to ~
N4 common hitsuyou-ga-aru
よていだ
to plan to ~
N4 common yotei-da
good / fine
N4 common ii
decide to ~
N4 common koto-ni-suru
it comes to be that ~
N4 common koto-ni-naru
ことにきめる
decide to ~
N4 common koto-ni-kimeru
how about ~ing?
N4 common tara-do-desuka
casual contraction of だろう: 'probably ~' / 'right?'
N4 common daro
want someone to ~
N4 common te-hoshii
want someone to ~
N4 common te-moraitai
I'm glad that ~
N4 common te-yokatta
must ~
N4 common nakute-wa
soft imperative: do ~
N4 common nasai
seems / typical of
N4 common rashii
cannot ~
N4 common rarenai
きこえる
be audible / can be heard (spontaneous)
N4 common kikoeru
should ~ (advice)
N3 common koto-da
very unlikely to ~
N3 common sou-ni-nai
it's only ~ / simply ~
N3 common dake-da
used to ~
N3 common ta-mono-da
had intended to ~ (but didn't)
N3 common tsumori-datta
with the intention of ~
N3 common tsumori-de
ているばあいじゃない
this is no time to be ~ing
N3 common teiru-baai-janai
it's okay if ~
N3 common temo-kamawanai
てもはじまらない
it's no use ~ing
N3 common temo-hajimaranai
てすむ
can settle/manage by just ~ing
N3 common te-sumu
to assume / regard as ~
N3 common to-suru
it seems that ~ (judging from evidence)
N3 common to-mieru
といえる
one can say that ~
N3 common to-ieru
negative command 'don't ~'
N3 common na-prohibitive
it's not that one can't ~
N3 common nai-koto-wa-nai
にかぎる
nothing beats ~
N3 common ni-kagiru
is it that ~?
N3 common no-deshou-ka
you should ~ / it'd be good to ~
N3 common ba-ii
to pretend to ~
N3 common furi-o-suru
should ~ / ought to ~
N3 common beki-da
should not ~
N3 common beki-de-wa-nai
won't even try to ~
N3 common you-to-shinai
ようなきがする
to have a feeling that ~
N3 common you-na-ki-ga-suru
there is no way ~
N3 common wake-ga-nai
かのうせいがある
there is a possibility that ~
N3 common kanousei-ga-aru
がたい
hard to ~ / difficult to bring oneself to ~
N3 common gatai
ひつようはない
there is no need to ~
N3 common hitsuyo-wa-nai
it is the rule that ~
N3 common koto-ni-natte-iru
there is no need to ~
N3 common koto-wa-nai
have no choice but to / there's only ~
N3 common shika-nai
almost ~ / was about to ~
N3 common sou-ni-naru
can't stand it / unbearable
N3 common tamaranai
what should I ~?
N3 common tara-ii-ka
I wonder if ~ / perhaps ~
N3 common darou-ka
can't help (feeling) ~
N3 common te-shikata-ga-nai
unbearably ~
N3 common te-tamaranai
とはかぎらない
not necessarily ~
N3 common to-wa-kagiranai
please make sure not to ~
N3 common nai-youni-shite-kudasai
the bound element in 〜てならない and obligation patterns
N3 common naranai
how ~! / what (a) ~! (exclamatory)
N3 common nante-2
にちがいない
must be / I'm sure ~
N3 common ni-chigainai
just like ~
N3 common marude-you-da
general truth / the way things ought to be
N3 common mono-da
that means ~ / no wonder
N3 common wake-da
it's not that ~
N3 common wake-de-wa-nai
cannot (afford to) ~
N3 common wake-ni-wa-ikanai
かんがえられない
unthinkable / inconceivable
N3 common kangaerarenai
しかたがない
it can't be helped / there's no use
N3 common shikata-ga-nai
あたりまえだ
it's only natural / obvious
N3 common atarimae-da
might (do something undesirable)
N2 common kanenai
cannot ~ / be unable to ~ (polite decline)
N2 common kaneru
as if ~
N2 common ka-no-you-da
as if / as though ~
N2 common ka-no-youni
ざるをえない
cannot help but ~
N2 common zaru-o-enai
there's no way ~
N2 common kkonai
that's what ~ really is
N2 common to-iu-mono-da
it's not necessarily that ~
N2 common to-iu-mono-dewa-nai
it's not that ~
N2 common to-iu-wake-dewa-nai
this is no time for ~ / far from ~ing
N2 common dokoro-de-wa-nai
とかんがえられる
it is thought that ~
N2 common to-kangaerareru
なくてすむ
to get by without ~ing
N2 common nakute-sumu
it's not that ~ isn't so
N2 common naku-wa-nai
にこしたことはない
there's nothing better than ~
N2 common ni-koshita-koto-wa-nai
にきまっている
must be / it's bound to be ~
N2 common ni-kimatte-iru
isn't it (perhaps) that ~?
N2 common no-dewa-nai-darou-ka
there really is something ~ about it
N2 common mono-ga-aru
きけんせいがある
there is a danger / risk that ~
N2 common kikensei-ga-aru
けいこうがある
there is a tendency to ~ / be inclined to ~
N2 common keikou-ga-aru
えない
cannot possibly ~ / it is impossible that ~
N2 common enai
える
can / it is possible to ~
N2 common eru
I wish ~
N2 common tara-ii-noni
must not ~
N2 common te-wa-naranai
cannot help but ~
N2 common nai-wake-ni-wa-ikanai
にすぎない
no more than
N2 common ni-suginai
must / have to
N2 common neba-naranai
one should not ~
N2 common mono-de-wa-nai
おそれがある
there is a risk/fear/danger that ~
N2 common osore-ga-aru
とうぜんだ
it is natural/obvious that ~
N2 common touzen-da
there is no need to even ~
N1 common made-mo-nai
there is no ~ that doesn't ~
N4 uncommon nai-wa-nai
きける
can hear / can ask (potential of 聞く)
N4 uncommon kikeru
the fact is that ~
N3 uncommon koto-nano
てもしかたがない
there's no use ~ing
N3 uncommon temo-shikata-ga-nai
というのはじじつだ
it is a fact that ~
N3 uncommon to-iu-no-wa-jijitsu-da
it doesn't mean (that) ~
N2 uncommon koto-niwa-naranai
cannot help but ~
N2 uncommon zu-ni-wa-irarenai
it's simply a matter of ~ / that's all
N2 uncommon dake-no-koto-da
no wonder ~ / ~ lives up to its reputation
N2 uncommon dake-no-koto-wa-aru
at least ~ is better (than the worse alternative)
N2 uncommon dake-mashi-da
can't help but ~
N2 uncommon nai-dewa-irarenai
にそういない
there is no doubt that ~
N2 uncommon ni-soui-nai
it's only natural that ~
N2 uncommon no-mo-mottomo-da
should one ~?
N2 uncommon beki-ka
it's not so much as to ~ / not worth ~ing
N2 uncommon hodo-no-koto-wa-nai
(emphatic rhetorical) there's no way ~!
N2 uncommon mono-ka
whether to ~ or not
N2 uncommon you-ka-mai-ka
let's ~ / shall we not ~
N2 uncommon you-dewa-nai-ka
よりほかない
there is no choice but to ~
N2 uncommon yori-hoka-nai
have no choice but to ~
N2 uncommon yori-shikata-ga-nai
there is no choice but ~
N2 uncommon yori-hoka-nai-2
いがいにない
there is nothing but ~ / no choice but ~
N2 uncommon igai-ni-nai
かいがある
it's worth the effort to ~
N2 uncommon kai-ga-aru
exclamatory: how ~! / how very ~
N2 uncommon koto-ka
I wish ~
N2 uncommon tara-ii-no-da-ga
probably / surely ~
N2 uncommon de-arou
can't help feeling ~
N2 uncommon te-naranai
can't afford to keep ~ing
N2 uncommon te-wa-irarenai
どれほどことか
how much ~!
N2 uncommon dorehodo-koto-ka
どんなにことか
how very ~!
N2 uncommon donnani-koto-ka
it is not that ~ never (happens)
N2 uncommon nai-koto-mo-wa-nai
it's not impossible to/that ~
N2 uncommon nai-koto-mo-nai
it's not that ~ isn't so
N2 uncommon nai-de-mo-nai
it's not that there isn't ~
N2 uncommon naku-mo-nai
is nothing but
N2 uncommon ni-hokanaranai
will surely not ~ / will never ~
N2 uncommon mai
is preferable
N2 uncommon mashida
もうすこし／ちょっとで〜するところ
was on the verge of ~
N2 uncommon mou-sukoshi-de-suru-tokoro
すべては〜ない
not all
N2 uncommon subete-wa-nai
にもない
cannot ~ even if one wants to
N1 uncommon nimo-nai
tend to ~ / have a
N1 uncommon kirai-ga-aru
~ is about the only one/extent
N1 uncommon kurai-no-mono-da
ended up not ~ing
N1 uncommon zu-jimai
can't get away without ~ing
N1 uncommon zu-niwa-sumanai
to pretend that ~ happened
N1 uncommon ta-koto-ni-suru
didn't mean to ~
N1 uncommon ta-tsumori-wa-nai
merely ~ed (and nothing more)
N1 uncommon ta-made-da
it has never once happened that ~
N1 uncommon tameshi-ga-nai
surely ~, and yet
N1 uncommon darou-ni
ではすまない
it won't end with just ~
N1 uncommon dewa-sumanai
even if ~, nothing can be done about it
N1 uncommon temo-dou-ni-mo-naranai
でもなんでもない
not ~ in the least
N1 uncommon demo-nan-demo-nai
てもさしつかえない
it's fine even if ~
N1 uncommon temo-sashitsukaenai
てもしらない
if you ~, I won't be responsible
N1 uncommon temo-shiranai
てすむことではない
~ alone won't settle it
N1 uncommon te-sumu-koto-dewa-nai
てかなわない
unbearably ~
N1 uncommon te-kanawanai
というところ
about ~
N1 uncommon to-iu-tokoro
どころのはなしではない
it's not a matter of ~ / far from it
N1 uncommon dokoro-no-hanashi-de-wa-nai
とはくらべものにならない
cannot be compared with ~
N1 uncommon towa-kurabemono-ni-naranai
といえなくもない
one could even say that ~
N1 uncommon to-ienaku-mo-nai
ないともかぎらない
it's not necessarily not ~
N1 uncommon nai-tomo-kagiranai
isn't there some way to ~?
N1 uncommon nai-mono-ka
it's not entirely impossible to ~
N1 uncommon nai-mono-demo-nai
にはあたらない
there's no need to ~
N1 uncommon niwa-ataranai
にはむりがある
~ is unreasonable / unrealistic
N1 uncommon ni-wa-muri-ga-aru
there's a limit to ~
N1 uncommon nimo-hodo-ga-aru
にかぎったことではない
not limited to just ~
N1 uncommon ni-kagitta-koto-dewa-nai
にたらない
not worth ~ing
N1 uncommon ni-taranai
にたえる
to be worth ~ing / to withstand ~
N1 uncommon ni-taeru
にあたいする
to be worth ~
N1 uncommon ni-atai-suru
would rather ~
N1 uncommon hou-ga-mashi-da
it's not worth ~ing
N1 uncommon hodo-no-koto-dewa-nai
it's simply a matter of ~
N1 uncommon made-no-koto-da
on the assumption that ~ / treating as ~
N1 uncommon mono-toshite
shall ~ / it is stipulated that ~
N1 uncommon mono-to-suru
ものとおもう
to assume / take it for granted that ~
N1 uncommon mono-to-omou
ものとおもっていた
had assumed (mistakenly) that ~
N1 uncommon mono-to-omotte-ita
ものとおもわれる
it is presumed / believed that ~
N1 uncommon mono-to-omowareru
もどうぜんだ
practically ~
N1 uncommon mo-douzen-da
even if one wanted to ~, one cannot
N1 uncommon you-ni-mo-nai
will simply ~ (if it comes to that)
N1 uncommon ru-made-da
をよぎなくさせる
to compel / force
N1 uncommon o-yoginaku-saseru
をよぎなくされる
to be forced to ~
N1 uncommon o-yoginaku-sareru
almost as if about to ~
N1 uncommon n-bakari-ni
はめになる
to end up stuck in
N1 uncommon hame-ni-naru
かぎりだ
extremely ~ / couldn't be more ~
N1 uncommon kagiri-da
しまつだ
end up (badly) ~
N1 uncommon shimatsu-da
しだいです
such is the situation that ~
N1 uncommon shidai-desu
すべがない
there's no way/means to ~
N1 uncommon sube-ga-nai
きりがない
there's no end to ~
N1 uncommon kiri-ga-nai
that's the end of it
N1 uncommon sore-made-da
even if one wants to ~,
N1 uncommon takute-mo-nai
can't keep just ~ing
N1 uncommon te-bakari-wa-irarenai
it's about ~
N1 uncommon to-itta-tokoro-da
にはおよばない
there is no need to ~
N1 uncommon ni-wa-oyobanai
しんぱいがある
there is a worry/risk that ~
N1 uncommon shinpai-ga-aru
(unclear) a 〜のように likeness frame
N4 rare mai-no-you-ni
as if / as though ~
N1 rare ka-no-gotoku
probably ~
N1 rare karou
will definitely ~
N1 rare zu-ni-wa-okanai
cannot help but ~
N1 rare zu-ni-wa-orarenai
it's only proper to ~
N1 rare te-shikaru-beki-da
if this isn't ~, then what is it?
N1 rare denakute-nan-darou
isn't it perhaps ~?
N1 rare dewa-arumai-ka
someone as prominent/responsible as ~
N1 rare tomo-arou
want to ~ but cannot
N1 rare ni-nai
にたる
worthy of ~
N1 rare ni-taru
にはじない
worthy of ~
N1 rare ni-hajinai
にしのびない
cannot bring oneself to ~
N1 rare ni-shinobinai
のなんのって
indescribably ~
N1 rare no-nan-no-tte
must not ~ (classical prohibition)
N1 rare bekarazu
there is no way one can ~ / cannot possibly ~
N1 rare beku-mo-nai
unbecoming of
N1 rare majiki
be about to ~
N1 rare n-to-suru
ごとし
like / as if ~
N1 rare gotoshi
いかにことか
how very ~!
N1 rare ikani-koto-ka
このうえない
the utmost
N1 rare kono-ue-nai
even if one wants to ~,
N1 rare taku-to-mo-nai
what one might call
N1 rare to-demo-iu-beki
it is not something you could merely call ~
N1 rare nado-to-iu-mono-de-wa-nai
にかたくない
not hard to ~
N1 rare ni-katakunai
をきんじえない
cannot help (feeling)
N1 rare okinji-enai
Quotation & report12
quotative と
N5 essential to-quotative
とおもう
to think that ~
N4 essential to-omou
called ~ / the ~ that
N4 essential to-iu
ときいた
I heard that ~
N4 common to-kiita
I hear that
N4 common souda
it means that ~
N3 common to-iu-koto-da
ようにいう
tell someone to ~
N3 common youni-iu
I hear that ~
N3 common ndatte
とか
I heard that ~
N2 common toka-2
the ~ that (reported content + noun)
N2 uncommon to-no
I'm told that ~ / word is that ~
N2 uncommon to-no-koto
(quoting) something like ~
N2 uncommon nado-to-wa
Nominalizers15
かた
way / manner of doing ~
N4 essential kata
のがへた
to be bad at ~ing
N5 common no-ga-heta
のがじょうず
to be good at ~ing
N5 common no-ga-jouzu
the fact/idea that ~
N4 common to-iu-koto
の pronoun: 'one' — stands in for a noun
N4 common no
nominalizing suffix (degree: 高さ)
N4 common sa
point / moment / aspect (nominalizer)
N4 common tokoro
about
N4 common no-koto
cleft sentence: 'the one who/that ... is ~'
N4 common no-wa-da
nominalizer for a concrete/tangible thing
N4 common mono
-ness (quality nominalizing suffix)
N3 common mi
とおり(に)
just as ~
N3 common toori-ni
れんようけいのめいしようほう
using a verb's masu-stem as a noun: 動く→動き 'movement', 遊ぶ→遊び
N3 common masu-stem-noun
よう
〜よう: a way/means of doing (やりよう)
N2 uncommon you
the lack/absence of ~
N2 uncommon no-nasa
Causative3
make/let
N4 common saseru
causative auxiliary (make/let someone do) for 五段 verbs
N4 common seru
be made/forced to do
N3 common saserareru
Passive4
passive られる: the subject is acted upon
N4 essential rareru-2
passive/potential/spontaneous/honorific auxiliary
N4 common reru
みられる
can see / be seen (potential-passive of 見る)
N4 common mirareru
おもわれる
to seem
N2 common omowareru
Keigo & honorifics9
to do
N4 common itashimasu
to do
N4 common itasu
to be / come / go
N4 common irassharu
please do ~
N4 common o-vmasu-kudasai
humble form: I humbly do ~ for you
N4 common o-suru-2
honorific form of a verb
N4 common o-ni-naru
honorific of くれる: (a superior) gives to me/us
N4 common kudasaru
to do
N4 common nasaru
honorific/spontaneous られる: respectful verb form, and spontan
N3 uncommon rareru
Connectives424
te-form of an i-adjective: is ~ and
N5 essential kute
にいく
go to do ~ (purpose)
N5 essential ni-iku
and / and then
N5 essential soshite
and then
N5 essential sore-kara
again
N5 essential mata
after ~
N4 essential ato-de-2
even if ~ / even though ~
N4 essential te-mo
ばあい
in the case of ~ / if ~
N4 essential baai
however / but
N4 essential shikashi
so / therefore
N4 essential dakara
without ~ing / don't ~
N4 essential nai-de
not ~ and / because not ~
N4 essential nakute
for the sake of / because of
N4 essential no-tame-ni
like ~ / so that ~
N4 essential youni
in order to (purpose)
N3 essential tame-ni
~ and ~ (listing reasons/qualities)
N4 common shi-shi
just by ~ / with only ~
N4 common dake-de
while ~ing
N4 common te-iru-aida-ni
thank you for ~ing
N4 common te-kurete-arigatou
I'm sorry for ~ing / thanks for ~ing
N4 common te-sumimasen
ようにいのる
to pray / hope that ~
N4 common you-ni-inoru
~, but / softening preface
N4 common ndakedo
あいだに
while / during ~ (at some point within a span)
N4 common aida-ni
while ~ (before it changes)
N4 common uchi-ni
but / however / although
N4 common keredo
and (what's more) / listing reasons
N4 common shi
and so
N4 common sore-de
well then
N4 common sore-de-wa
even so
N4 common sore-demo
if that's the case
N4 common sore-nara
but / however
N4 common dakedo
といっしょに
together with
N4 common to-issho-ni
even if not ~
N4 common nakute-mo
thanks to ~
N3 common okage-de
whether or not ~
N3 common ka-nai-ka
it is because ~
N3 common kara-da
からいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 common kara-iu-to
without ~ing
N3 common zu-ni
because of ~ (and something bad resulted)
N3 common sei-de
だけでなく
not only ~
N3 common dake-de-wa-naku
even just ~ / at least ~
N3 common dake-demo
the instant ~ / the moment ~
N3 common ta-totan
as soon as ~
N3 common tara-sugu
not ~ (but rather)
N3 common dewa-nakute
whether or not ~
N3 common temo-nakutemo
でいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 common de-iu-to
というりゆうで
for the reason that ~
N3 common to-iu-riyuu-de
as soon as ~
N3 common to-sugu-ni
といっても
even though I say ~
N3 common to-ittemo
とおなじくらい
about the same as ~
N3 common to-onaji-kurai
とおなじで
the same as ~
N3 common to-onaji-de
before ~ (happens)
N3 common nai-uchi-ni
without ~ / not ~ (adverbial negative)
N3 common naku
にあわせて
in accordance with / to match ~
N3 common ni-awasete
にあたる
to correspond to / be equivalent to ~
N3 common ni-ataru
にくらべて
compared to ~
N3 common ni-kurabete
にくらべると
compared to ~ (when you compare)
N3 common ni-kuraberu-to
for (the purpose of) doing ~
N3 common noni-2
のあいだに
while ~
N3 common no-aida-ni
only ~
N3 common bakari-de
not only ~ but also ~
N3 common bakari-de-wa-naku-3
not as ~ as
N3 common hodo-nai
both ~ and ~
N3 common mo-ba-mo
をこめて
filled with ~
N3 common o-komete
さいちゅうに
right in the middle of ~
N3 common saichuu-ni
かわりに
instead of ~ / in exchange for ~
N3 common kawari-ni
とちゅうで
on the way
N3 common tochuu-de
besides / and also (afterthought)
N3 common ato
no matter how much / いくらでも any amount
N3 common ikura-demo
thanks to / owing to (a good outcome)
N3 common okage
even though
N3 common kuse-ni
from the fact that ~
N3 common koto-kara
by ~ing
N3 common koto-de
ことにより／によって
by means of ~ing
N3 common koto-ni-yori-yotte
admittedly ~, but ~
N3 common koto-wa
well then
N3 common sate
thereupon / and then
N3 common suru-to
the fault / cause of (something bad)
N3 common sei
if that's the case / and then
N3 common sou-suru-to
that may be so, but ~
N3 common so-desu-ga
and so
N3 common soko-de
therefore / for that reason
N3 common sono-tame
for that purpose / to that end
N3 common sono-tame-ni
そのけっか
as a result
N3 common sono-kekka
and
N3 common sore-to
or
N3 common soretomo
besides
N3 common sore-ni
but / however
N3 common daga
only / but
N3 common tada
because
N3 common datte
even if ~
N3 common tatoe-temo
it is because / it is for ~
N3 common tame-da
while at it
N3 common tsuide-ni
in other words
N3 common tsumari
speaking of ~
N3 common to-iu-to
the reason is that ~
N3 common to-iu-no-wa
in such a way that
N3 common to-iu-fu-ni
rather than ~
N3 common to-iu-yori
speaking of ~
N3 common to-ieba
at times
N3 common toki-ni-wa
however
N3 common tokoro-ga
by the way (topic shift)
N3 common tokoro-de
assuming that
N3 common to-suru-to
no matter how
N3 common donna-ni-temo
although / even while
N3 common nagara-mo
without ~
N3 common nashi-de
the reason is (because) ~
N3 common nazenara
for / considering
N3 common ni-shite-wa
even if / even granting that
N3 common ni-shite-mo
as
N3 common ni-tsurete
when it becomes / when it comes to ~
N3 common ni-naru-to
according to
N3 common ni-yoru-to
according to ~
N3 common ni-yoreba
にかんする
concerning
N3 common ni-kanshite-2
because (as you know) ~
N3 common no-da-kara
or
N3 common mata-wa
starting with
N3 common o-hajime-to-shite
たしかに〜が
admittedly ~ but
N3 common tashika-ni-ga
わりに(は)
considering ~
N3 common wari-ni-wa
たびに
every time
N3 common tabi-ni
たとえば
for example
N3 common tatoeba
triggered by ~
N2 common ga-kikkake-de
as for whether ~ / when it comes to ~
N2 common ka-to-iu-to
かとおもうと
just when ~ / no sooner... than
N2 common ka-to-omou-to
precisely because ~
N2 common kara-koso
judging even from ~ / starting with ~
N2 common kara-shite
judging from ~
N2 common kara-suru-to
just because ~
N2 common kara-to-itte
now that / since ~
N2 common kara-ni-wa
からみて
judging from / from the perspective of ~
N2 common kara-mite
からみると
from the viewpoint of ~
N2 common kara-miru-to
からいって
judging from / from the standpoint of ~
N2 common kara-itte
even though ~
N2 common kuse-shite
because it's ~ (knowing them)
N2 common koto-dakara
without ~ing (even once)
N2 common koto-naku
ずにすむ
to get by without ~ing
N2 common zu-ni-sumu
たすえ
after (much) ~
N2 common ta-sue
even if it is ~ / even being ~
N2 common de-atte-mo
if one keeps ~ing
N2 common te-ite-wa
only by ~ing
N2 common te-koso
というふうに
in the manner of ~
N2 common to-iu-fuu-ni
far from ~ / on the contrary
N2 common dokoroka
ところに
right when ~
N2 common tokoro-ni
from ~'s standpoint
N2 common ni-shitara
にそって
along ~
N2 common ni-sotte
にこたえて
in response to ~
N2 common ni-kotaete
にくわえて
in addition to ~
N2 common ni-kuwaete
にかかわる
to affect ~
N2 common ni-kakawaru
setting ~ aside
N2 common wa-tomokaku
~ of course
N2 common wa-mochiron
not to mention ~
N2 common wa-moto-yori
〜はべつとして
apart from ~
N2 common wa-betsu-to-shite
without caring about ~
N2 common mo-kamawazu
because ~
N2 common mono-dakara
concerning
N2 common megutte-meguru
いじょうは
now that / since ~
N2 common ijou-wa
いじょうに
more than ~
N2 common ijou-ni
いっぽうで
on one hand / while / meanwhile
N2 common ippou-de
けっか
as a result of ~
N2 common kekka
うえで
after ~ / upon ~
N2 common no-ue-de
はんめん
on the other hand / while ~
N2 common hanmen
or / alternatively
N2 common aruiwa
on top of that
N2 common omake-ni
and
N2 common oyobi
that said / but then again / even so
N2 common ka-to-itte
furthermore
N2 common sara-ni
moreover
N2 common shika-mo
now that you mention it
N2 common sou-ieba
そのうえ
moreover
N2 common sono-ue
and yet
N2 common sore-nanoni
even so
N2 common sore-ni-shitemo
even so / that doesn't necessarily mean ~
N2 common dakara-to-itte
incidentally / by the way
N2 common chinami-ni
if/whenever ~ (then a bad result)
N2 common te-wa
only after ~
N2 common te-hajimete
or rather
N2 common to-iu-ka
that is to say
N2 common to-iu-koto-wa
even though ~
N2 common to-iu-noni
such ~ as
N2 common to-iu-youna
in such a way as ~
N2 common to-iu-youni
speaking of ~
N2 common to-ittara
saying that ~
N2 common to-itte
together with
N2 common to-tomo-ni
when it comes to ~
N2 common to-naru-to
とどうじに
at the same time as
N2 common to-douji-ni
without ~ing
N2 common nashi-ni
the reason is that ~
N2 common naze-ka-to-iu-to
regardless of
N2 common ni-kakawarazu
in spite of
N2 common ni-mo-kakawarazu
におうじて
according to
N2 common ni-oujite
にもとづいて
based on
N2 common ni-motozuite
にかぎらず
not limited to
N2 common ni-kagirazu
にしたがって
in accordance with
N2 common ni-shitagatte
にともなって
along with
N2 common ni-tomonatte
にはんして
contrary to
N2 common ni-hanshite
although
N2 common mono-no
based on
N2 common o-moto-ni
をのぞいて
except for
N2 common o-nozoite
をちゅうしんとして
centering on
N2 common o-chushin-to-ni-shite
をとおして
through
N2 common o-toshite
をとわず
regardless of
N2 common o-towazu
ぎゃくに
conversely / on the contrary / the other way around
N2 common gyaku-ni
いうまでもない
needless to say / it goes without saying
N2 common ju-made-mo-nai
さいに
on the occasion of
N2 common sai-ni
したがって
therefore
N2 common shitagatte
うえ(に)
in addition to ~
N2 common ue-ni
ようするに
in short
N2 common yousuru-ni
とはいうものの
having said that ~
N1 common towa-iu-mono-no
depends on ~
N1 common ni-kakatteiru
をぜんていに
on the premise of ~
N1 common o-zentei-ni
をふまえて
based on ~
N1 common o-fumaete
in any case
N1 common izure-ni-shitemo
かはによってちがう
whether ~ varies depending on ~
N3 uncommon ka-wa-ni-yotte-chigau
あいだは
during the time that ~ / as long as ~
N3 uncommon aida-wa
as long as ~
N3 uncommon uchi-wa
にかんしては
as for
N3 uncommon ni-kanshite-wa
にかわって
instead of / on behalf of
N3 uncommon ni-kawatte
what is meant by ~ is
N3 uncommon no-wa-no-koto-da
ぜんしゃは
the former ~
N3 uncommon zensha-wa
every time
N2 uncommon to-itsu-de-mo
after ~ (and as an unfortunate result)
N2 uncommon ageku-ni
no sooner had ~ than
N2 uncommon ka-nai-ka-no-uchi-ni
on the way / just as one is ~ing
N2 uncommon gake-ni
かとおもえば
just when one thought ~ / no sooner... than
N2 uncommon ka-to-omoeba
it is true that ~, but ~
N2 uncommon koto-wa-ga
as one would expect of ~ / fittingly ~
N2 uncommon dake-atte
precisely because ~
N2 uncommon dake-ni
as befits ~ / fittingly because ~
N2 uncommon dake-no-koto-wa-atte
even by ~ / even if it means ~
N2 uncommon te-demo
repeatedly ~ing and ~ing
N2 uncommon tewa-tewa
というてんからかんがえると
thinking from the standpoint that ~
N2 uncommon to-iu-ten-kara-kangaeru-to
at a moment when ~ / catching one in the midst of ~
N2 uncommon tokoro-o
ところをみると
judging from the fact that ~
N2 uncommon tokoro-o-miru-to
although
N2 uncommon to-wa-iu-mono-no
とぎゃくに
contrary to ~ / the opposite of ~
N2 uncommon to-gyaku-ni
とおなじく
the same as ~ / likewise
N2 uncommon to-onajiku
とならんで
alongside ~ / on a par with ~
N2 uncommon to-narande
when it comes to ~ / as for ~
N2 uncommon ni-kakete-wa
whether ~ or ~
N2 uncommon ni-shitemo-ni-shitemo
whether ~ or ~
N2 uncommon ni-shiro-ni-shiro
にさきだち
prior to ~
N2 uncommon ni-sakidachi
not only ~ but even ~
N2 uncommon bakari-ka
simply because ~
N2 uncommon bakari-ni
as ~
N2 uncommon mama-ni
~ and also ~
N2 uncommon mo-ba
both does ~ and ~
N2 uncommon mo-shi-mo
no matter ~ / whatever ~
N2 uncommon you-to-ga
をけいきに
taking ~ as a turning point
N2 uncommon o-keiki-ni
をちゅうしんに
centering on ~
N2 uncommon o-chushin-ni
しだい
as soon as ~ / depending on ~
N2 uncommon shidai
しだいで
depending on ~ (the outcome varies)
N2 uncommon shidai-de
しゅんかんに
the moment that ~
N2 uncommon shunkan-ni
じょうは
in terms of / as far as ~ goes
N2 uncommon jou-wa
なかを
amid
N2 uncommon naka-o
to be due to ~
N2 uncommon koto-ni-yoru
and even / moreover (escalating)
N2 uncommon sara-ni-wa
at that point
N2 uncommon soko-de-2
actually ~ / but (against expectation)
N2 uncommon sore-ga
far from it
N2 uncommon sore-dokoroka
and that too / and what's more
N2 uncommon sore-mo
however
N2 uncommon tadashi
regarding ~
N2 uncommon tsuite-wa
while ~ing
N2 uncommon tsutsu
X means that ~
N2 uncommon to-iu-no-wa-koto-da
because of something like ~ (reported reason)
N2 uncommon toka-de
by the way (topic shift)
N2 uncommon toki-ni
from the fact that ~ / which is why
N2 uncommon tokoro-kara
even without ~ing
N2 uncommon nai-de-mo
note that ~ / in addition (supplementary)
N2 uncommon nao
whether ~ or
N2 uncommon ni-shiro
every time
N2 uncommon ni-tsuke
にかんけいなく
regardless of
N2 uncommon ni-kankei-naku
にさいして
on the occasion of
N2 uncommon ni-saishite
にあたって
on the occasion of
N2 uncommon ni-atatte
after
N2 uncommon nochi-ni
nothing/no one but ~
N2 uncommon no-hoka-ni-wa-nai
nothing but ~
N2 uncommon no-hoka-ni-nai
not only ~ but also
N2 uncommon nomi-narazu
under
N2 uncommon no-moto-de
のかんけいで
due to
N2 uncommon no-kankei-de
のうえでは
on
N2 uncommon no-ue-de-wa
のてんで
in terms of
N2 uncommon no-ten-de
~ would be one thing (acceptable), but
N2 uncommon madashimo
or
N2 uncommon moshikuwa
concerning
N2 uncommon o-megutte
をめざして
aiming for
N2 uncommon o-mezashite
をもくひょうに
with the goal/target of ~
N2 uncommon o-mokuhyou-ni
いっぽうでは〜たほうでは〜
on one hand ~, on the other hand ~
N2 uncommon ippou-de-wa-tahou-de-wa
いってみれば
so to speak / as it were
N2 uncommon itte-mireba
さい
occasion
N2 uncommon sai
おもえば
thinking back
N2 uncommon omoeba
おり
time
N2 uncommon ori
おりに
on the occasion of / when
N2 uncommon ori-ni
だいいち
first of all / for one thing / to begin with
N2 uncommon daiichi
すえに
after (much ~)
N2 uncommon sue-ni
A which exists only thanks to B
N1 uncommon atte-no
いかんで
depending on ~
N1 uncommon ikan-de
while also doing ~
N1 uncommon katagata
while doing ~
N1 uncommon gatera
かとおもいきや
just when one thought ~, contrary to expectation ~
N1 uncommon ka-to-omoikiya
〜がはやいか
as soon as / no sooner than ~
N1 uncommon ga-hayai-ka
since ~ (and also...)
N1 uncommon koto-dashi
without ~ing
N1 uncommon koto-nashi-ni
so as not to ~
N1 uncommon koto-no-nai-you-ni
partly because ~
N1 uncommon koto-mo-atte
it's not as though ~ / since it isn't ~
N1 uncommon ja-aru-mai-shi
no sooner than ~
N1 uncommon soba-kara
even if/when ~ turns out, that brings its own issue
N1 uncommon tara-tade
whether ~ or not / no matter ~
N1 uncommon darou-ga-to
たはずみに
the moment ~
N1 uncommon ta-hazumi-ni
whether it be ~ / no matter ~
N1 uncommon de-are
ever since ~
N1 uncommon te-kara-to-iu-mono
it's not as if ~
N1 uncommon dewa-arumai-shi
is both ~ and ~ at once
N1 uncommon demo-ari-demo-aru
both ~ and ~
N1 uncommon to-ii-to-ii
or should I say ~
N1 uncommon to-iou-ka
とあいまって
coupled with ~
N1 uncommon to-aimatte
while remaining ~
N1 uncommon nagara-ni
if it's ~ then
N1 uncommon nara-de
if it were ~ that would be one thing, but
N1 uncommon nara-madashimo
as soon as ~
N1 uncommon nari
from ~'s point of view
N1 uncommon ni-shite-mireba
in contrast to ~
N1 uncommon ni-hikikae
related to ~
N1 uncommon ni-matsuwaru
にもまして
more than ~
N1 uncommon nimo-mashite
にいわせれば
if you ask ~
N1 uncommon ni-iwasereba
にいたる
to reach (the point/place of) ~
N1 uncommon ni-itaru
にいたるまで
all the way to ~
N1 uncommon ni-itaru-made
にてらして
in light of ~
N1 uncommon ni-terashite
にさきがけて
ahead of ~
N1 uncommon ni-sakigakete
にのっとって
in accordance with ~
N1 uncommon ni-nottotte
にそくして
in keeping with ~
N1 uncommon ni-sokushite
even granting that ~ is fine/acceptable
N1 uncommon wa-ii-to-shite-mo
setting ~ aside
N1 uncommon wa-sate-oki
〜はいうまでもなく
needless to say ~
N1 uncommon wa-iu-made-mo-naku
without even ~ing
N1 uncommon mo-shinai-de
whether or not ~
N1 uncommon you-ga-mai-ga
even if ~
N1 uncommon you-tomo
depending on how
N1 uncommon you-ni-yotte-wa
taking advantage of ~
N1 uncommon o-ii-koto-ni
by means of ~
N1 uncommon o-motte
をきに
taking ~ as an opportunity
N1 uncommon o-ki-ni
をへて
via ~
N1 uncommon o-hete
をかねて
serving also as ~
N1 uncommon o-kanete
をかわきりに
starting with ~
N1 uncommon o-kawakiri-ni
かいもなく
despite (one's efforts)
N1 uncommon kai-mo-naku
おりには
on the occasion of ~
N1 uncommon ori-niwa
and / moreover / as well as
N1 uncommon katsu
otherwise
N1 uncommon samonaito
nevertheless
N1 uncommon shikashi-nagara
namely
N1 uncommon sunawachi
even so
N1 uncommon sou-ka-to-itte
and yet
N1 uncommon sore-de-ite
therefore
N1 uncommon sore-yue
たとえていえば
to use an analogy
N1 uncommon tatoete-ieba
even if (one did)
N1 uncommon ta-tokoro-de
remaining in the state of (having done)
N1 uncommon ta-nari-de
because
N1 uncommon to-atte
when it comes to ~
N1 uncommon to-kitara
even so
N1 uncommon to-wa-ie
as if to say ~
N1 uncommon to-bakari-ni
without particular intention
N1 uncommon to-mo-naku
without conscious intent
N1 uncommon to-mo-nashi-ni
といわんばかりに
as if to say ~
N1 uncommon to-iwan-bakari-ni
or
N1 uncommon naishi-wa
even if not ~ (at least)
N1 uncommon nai-made-mo
regardless of
N1 uncommon ni-yorazu
にとどまらず
not limited to
N1 uncommon ni-todomarazu
let alone
N1 uncommon wa-oroka
let alone
N1 uncommon mashite-ya
though
N1 uncommon mottomo-2
やいなや
as soon as ~ / the instant that ~
N1 uncommon ya-ina-ya
をかいして
through
N1 uncommon o-kaishite
ひとつには
for one thing / one reason being ~
N1 uncommon hitotsu-ni-wa
くわえて
in addition
N1 uncommon kuwaete
ゆえに
therefore / because of ~
N1 uncommon yue-ni
せつに
on the occasion of
N1 uncommon setsu-ni
ならびに
and
N1 uncommon narabi-ni
depending on ~
N1 rare ikan-da
regardless of ~
N1 rare ikan-ni-kakawarazu
whether ~ or ~
N1 rare kare-kare
though there is ~ (concession)
N1 rare koso-are
~ if anything, but certainly not
N1 rare koso-sure
because
N1 rare koto-tote
without ~ing
N1 rare zu-shite
even without ~ing
N1 rare zu-tomo
であろうがと
whether ~ or / no matter ~
N1 rare de-arou-ga-to
whether ~ or ~
N1 rare de-arou-to-de-arou-to
not to mention ~
N1 rare to-iwazu
both ~ and ~ alike
N1 rare to-iwazu-to-iwazu
ならいざしらず
I don't know about ~
N1 rare nara-iza-shirazu
にをかさねて
piling ~ upon ~
N1 rare ni-o-kasanete
being in (a situation / time / place)
N1 rare ni-atte
in the hands of ~
N1 rare ni-kakatte-wa
using ~ as a pretext or excuse
N1 rare ni-kakotsukete
being preoccupied with ~
N1 rare ni-kamakete
both ~ and ~
N1 rare ni-shite-2
にいたっても
even after reaching the point of ~
N1 rare ni-itattemo
even if there is ~
N1 rare wa-atte-mo
even if there is ~
N1 rare wa-are
precisely because ~ / it is exactly because ~
N1 rare ba-koso
〜はいうにおよばず
needless to say ~
N1 rare wa-iu-ni-oyobazu
in order to ~ / so as to ~
N1 rare beku
inevitably ~ / as was bound to happen
N1 rare beku-shite
even if one tries to ~
N1 rare you-ttatte
in order to ~
N1 rare n-ga-tame-ni
かたわら
while / at the same time as ~
N1 rare katawara
otherwise
N1 rare samo-nakuba
needless to say
N1 rare saru-koto-nagara
indefinitely ~
N1 rare to-naku
when it comes to
N1 rare ni-to-mo-naru-to
once it gets to
N1 rare ni-to-mo-nareba
even in the case of ~ / even ~ (concessive
N1 rare ni-shita-tokoro-de
にいたっては
when it comes to
N1 rare ni-itatte-wa
saying this and that
N1 rare no-no-to
~ is of course so, but (especially) ~ too
N1 rare mo-saru-koto-nagara
(if only ~,) but ~
N1 rare mono-o
no one/nothing but ~
N1 rare o-oite-hoka-ni-wa-nai
in defiance of
N1 rare o-mono-to-mo-sezu
ignoring
N1 rare o-yoso-ni
ひいては
and by extension / consequently / ultimately
N1 rare hiite-wa
いわんや
let alone / much less / to say nothing of ~
N1 rare iwanya
かんがえるに
considering ~ / when one thinks about it
N1 rare kangaeru-ni
よし
even if ~
none rare yoshi
Adverbials208
immediately
N5 essential sugu
very (affirmative)
N5 essential totemo
still
N5 essential mada
already
N5 essential mou
more
N5 essential motto
いっしょに
together
N5 essential issho-ni
ぜんぜん
(not) at all (with negative)
N4 essential zenzen
ぜったいに
absolutely
N3 essential zettai-ni
あまり
not very ~
N5 common amari
a lot / many
N5 common takusan
how / in what way
N5 common dou
why
N5 common doushite
how / by what means
N5 common douyatte
colloquial あまり: '(not) very'
N4 common anmari
how / how about ~?
N4 common ikaga
how much / how many
N4 common ikura
いつでも
always / any time / whenever
N4 common itsu-de-mo
surely / no doubt
N4 common kitto
a little while ago
N4 common sakki
the whole time / by far
N4 common zutto
that much / so ~
N4 common sonna-ni
gradually
N4 common dandan
rapidly / steadily
N4 common dondon
not easily ~
N4 common nakanaka-nai
as much as possible
N4 common naru-beku
ほかにも
besides
N4 common hoka-ni-mo
almost / mostly
N4 common hotondo
soon
N4 common mo-sugu
if
N4 common moshi-mo
いちど
once / one time
N4 common ichido
なにもない
nothing / not anything
N4 common nani-mo-nai
ぜんぜん〜ない
not at all ~
N4 common zenzen-nai
たいへん
very / tough
N4 common taihen
ひじょうに
extremely / very
N4 common hijouni
かならず
without fail / always
N4 common kanarazu
ほんとうに
really / truly
N4 common hontou-ni
each / every ~
N3 common goto-ni
for the first time in (a period)
N3 common buri-ni
ぎみ
-ish / a touch of / showing signs of ~
N3 common gimi
far too ~
N3 common amari-ni-mo
at intervals of
N3 common oki-ni
quite / considerably
N3 common kanari
not at all / no idea
N3 common sappari
for a while
N3 common shibaraku
at most
N3 common seizei
with effort / a precious chance
N3 common sekkaku
at least (if only)
N3 common semete
each
N3 common sorezore
that much
N3 common sore-dake
roughly / mostly
N3 common daitai
only / just (emphasising how small)
N3 common tatta
once in a while
N3 common tama-ni-wa
ちっとも
not at all
N3 common chittomo
properly
N3 common chanto
unintentionally
N3 common tsui
-ish / has the quality of ~
N3 common ppoi
please
N3 common dou-ka
no matter what
N3 common doushitemo
finally / in the end
N3 common toutou
cannot possibly ~
N3 common totemo-nai
anyway / in any case
N3 common tonikaku
(no matter) how much / however ~
N3 common donnani
quite / impressively
N3 common nakanaka
for some reason
N3 common naze-ka
how ~! / would you believe ~!
N3 common nanto
somehow / one way or another
N3 common nan-to-ka
hardly / almost never ~
N3 common hotondo-nai
surely not / no way
N3 common masaka
just like (paired with ようだ)
N3 common marude
rather / if anything
N3 common mushiro
rarely / seldom
N3 common metta-ni
perhaps / maybe
N3 common moshika-shitara
original / initial
N3 common motomoto-no
finally / at last
N3 common yatto
as expected / after all
N3 common yahari
go out of one's way to ~
N3 common wazawaza
いがいと
unexpectedly / surprisingly
N3 common igai-to
いちどに
all at once
N3 common ichido-ni
いっぱんに
generally / in general
N3 common ippanni
たしかに
certainly / indeed
N3 common tashika-ni
すでに
already / by now
N3 common sude-ni
けっして
never / by no means
N3 common kesshite
けっきょく
in the end / after all
N3 common kekkyoku
けっこう
quite / fine (no thanks)
N3 common kekkou
ふたたび
again
N3 common futatabi
もっとも
most (the superlative)
N3 common mottomo
すこしも
not in the slightest
N3 common sukoshi-mo
まったく
completely / utterly
N3 common mattaku
まったくない
not at all
N3 common mattaku-nai
ただちに
immediately / at once
N3 common tadachi-ni
べつにない
not particularly
N3 common betsu-ni-nai
ふうに
in the manner of / like ~
N2 common fuu-ni
suddenly / without warning
N2 common ikinari
いつのまにか
before one knows it
N2 common itsu-no-ma-ni-ka
at last / now the climax
N2 common iyoiyo
carelessly
N2 common ukkari
probably / in all likelihood
N2 common osoraku
on the contrary / rather / instead
N2 common kaette
as expected (impressively)
N2 common sasuga
even ~ / understandably
N2 common sasuga-ni
in the first place
N2 common somosomo
in an instant
N2 common tachimachi
finally / at last
N2 common tsui-ni
anyway / after all (resigned)
N2 common douse
somehow / manage to
N2 common dou-ni-ka
apparently / it seems
N2 common dou-yara
どちらかといえば
if anything / if I had to choose / relatively speaking
N2 common dochira-ka-to-ieba
long ago / already
N2 common tokku-ni
for now / first of all
N2 common toriaezu
increasingly
N2 common masumasu
もうすこしで
almost
N2 common mou-sukoshi-de
before long / eventually
N2 common yagate
considerably
N2 common yohodo
ろくに
not properly ~
N2 common roku-ni-nai
slightly
N2 common wazuka-ni
あんがい
unexpectedly / surprisingly
N2 common angai
いちおう
more or less / just in case
N2 common ichiou
いっきに
in one go / all at once
N2 common ikki-ni
いっさいない
not at all / not in the least ~
N2 common issai-nai
いっそう
even more / all the more ~
N2 common issou
なにからなにまで
everything
N2 common nani-kara-nani-made
なにしろ
at any rate
N2 common nani-shiro
なんといっても
above all
N2 common nan-to-ittemo
なにより
more than anything
N2 common nani-yori
まちがいなく
without doubt / definitely
N2 common machigai-naku
さいわい
fortunately
N2 common saiwai
おもうように
as one wishes
N2 common omou-you-ni
じつに
truly / really / indeed
N2 common jitsuni
すくなくとも
at least
N2 common sukunakutomo
ようやく
finally (at long last)
N2 common youyaku
たんに
simply
N2 common tan-ni
かならずしも
not necessarily / not always
N2 common kanarazushimo
まんがいち
in the unlikely event that ~
N2 common man-ga-ichi
いまだに
still (even now)
N2 common imada-ni
あきらかに
clearly / obviously
N2 common akiraka-ni
beforehand
N1 common arakajime
once / formerly
N1 common katsute
now (already)
N1 common mohaya
tend to ~ / be prone to ~
N3 uncommon gachi
あまり
so much/so ~ that
N3 uncommon amari-2
seldom ~
N3 uncommon metta-ni-nai
ぜんぶは〜ない
not all ~
N3 uncommon zenbu-wa-nai
またも
again
N3 uncommon mata-mo
not even one ~
N2 uncommon to-shite-nai
かぎり
only / as of
N2 uncommon kagiri-2
indeed / truly / certainly
N2 uncommon ikanimo
not always / not usually ~
N2 uncommon itsumo-wa-nai
roughly
N2 uncommon oyoso
to one's ~
N2 uncommon koto-ni
such
N2 uncommon sou-shita
itself
N2 uncommon sono-mono
mere
N2 uncommon tada-no
どういうわけだか
for some reason / somehow
N2 uncommon dou-iu-wake-da-ka
どうしてだか
for some reason / somehow
N2 uncommon doushite-da-ka
cannot possibly ~
N2 uncommon toutei-nai
thoroughly / to the very end / persistently
N2 uncommon doko-made-mo
みんなはない
not everyone/everything ~
N2 uncommon minna-wa-nai
いぜんとして
still / as ever / as before
N2 uncommon izen-to-shite
ひとつ
(adverbial) for one thing / kindly
N2 uncommon hitotsu
いったん
once / temporarily
N2 uncommon ittan
かりに
supposing / hypothetically / for argument's sake
N2 uncommon kari-ni
はたして
sure enough / as expected
N2 uncommon hatashite
わりあい
comparatively
N2 uncommon wariai
わずか
only
N2 uncommon wazuka
いわば
so to speak / as it were / one might say
N2 uncommon iwaba
いまさら
now
N2 uncommon imasara
おもいきって
boldly
N2 uncommon omoikitte
おもわず
involuntarily
N2 uncommon omowazu
at (a stage/age) / in (an instant)
N1 uncommon ni-shite
daringly / deliberately / going out of one's way to ~
N1 uncommon aete
to the very end / persistently / strictly
N1 uncommon akumade-mo
not necessarily ~ / not entirely ~
N1 uncommon anagachi-nai
how (much) ~ / however ~
N1 uncommon ikani
every single one
N1 uncommon kotogotoku
surely
N1 uncommon sazo
in its own way
N1 uncommon sore-nari-ni
merely
N1 uncommon takaga
sometimes / apt to / if things go a certain way
N1 uncommon dou-ka-suru-to
(with negative) just can't
N1 uncommon dou-nimo
can't possibly ~ / there's no way to ~
N1 uncommon dou-ni-mo-nai
tend to
N1 uncommon to-mo-suru-to
tend to
N1 uncommon to-mo-sureba
all the more
N1 uncommon naosara
completely
N1 uncommon marukkiri
あんのじょう
sure enough / just as expected / as feared
N1 uncommon an-no-jo
へたに
carelessly / ill-advisedly / clumsily
N1 uncommon hetani
なんらない
not ~ in the least
N1 uncommon nanra-nai
おおむね
generally
N1 uncommon oomune
おのおの
each
N1 uncommon onoono
しいて
forcibly
N1 uncommon shiite
きわめて
formal adverb: extremely
N1 uncommon kiwamete
みるからに
obviously
N1 uncommon miru-kara-ni
かろうじて
barely / narrowly / only just
N1 uncommon karoujite
ちゅうとはんぱ
halfway / incompletely / half-heartedly
N1 uncommon chuto-hanpa
めいめい
each
N1 uncommon meimei
のきわみ
the height/extreme of ~ (set emotional expressions, formal
N1 rare no-kiwami
のいたり
the height of ~
N1 rare no-itari
just as if / as though
N1 rare atakamo
truly
N1 rare samo
can't do anything at all / there's absolutely no way
N1 rare dou-ni-mo-kou-ni-mo-nai
halfheartedly
N1 rare namaji-kka
uncharacteristically
N1 rare ni-mo-naku
tend to ~
N1 rare yaya-mo-suru-to
tend to ~
N1 rare yaya-mo-sureba
surely not ~
N1 rare yomoya
きわまりない
suffix on an adjective: extremely ~
N1 rare kiwamari-nai
おもうに
in my opinion
N1 rare omou-ni
only once in a while
none rare tokitama-shika-nai
Counters1
らい
for the past ~
N1 uncommon rai
Interjections5
please / go ahead / by all means
N5 common douzo
(do) ~, okay? (soft request / reminder)
N4 common te-ne
hey!
N4 common oi
well
N3 common saa
I see / indeed
N3 common naruhodo
Other99
there is ~ (polite)
N5 essential ga-arimasu
there is ~ (inanimate)
N5 essential ga-aru
there is ~ (animate)
N5 essential ga-iru
になる
to become ~
N5 essential ni-naru
to exist (inanimate)
N5 essential aru
to exist (animate)
N5 essential iru-3
adnominal demonstrative: this ~
N5 essential kono
polite title suffix
N5 essential san
to become
N5 essential naru
くる
to come (irregular verb)
N5 essential kuru
ごろ
around / about (a point in time)
N4 essential goro
adnominal demonstrative: this kind of
N4 essential konna
decide on ~ / make it ~
N4 essential ni-suru
れんたいしゅうしょくせつ
noun-modifying (relative) clause
N4 essential relative-clause
affectionate name suffix 〜ちゃん
N5 common chan
plural suffix for people
N5 common tachi
what kind of ~
N5 common donna
をつかって
using
N5 common o-tsukatte
すきだ
to like
N5 common sukida
すくない
few / not much
N5 common sukunai
まえ
front / before (noun)
N5 common mae
しる
to know
N5 common shiru
いる
to need
N5 common iru-4
a sound / smell / taste / feeling occurs
N4 common ga-suru
にきがつく
to notice ~
N4 common ni-ki-ga-tsuku
かん
for a period of ~ (duration suffix)
N4 common kan
がた
polite pluralizing suffix for people
N4 common gata
め
ordinal suffix (三番目 'the third')
N4 common me
such
N4 common kou-iu
such
N4 common kono-youna
to give (humble, to a superior)
N4 common sashiageru
that kind of ~
N4 common sou-iu
what kind of ~
N4 common dono-youna
as it is
N4 common mama
to do (casual = する)
N4 common yaru-3
pluralizing/approximating suffix for people
N4 common ra
なんでも
anything / everything
N4 common nandemo
くん
familiar address suffix for juniors and peers
N4 common kun
みえる
be visible
N4 common mieru
じどうしたどうし
intransitive vs transitive verb pairs
N4 common jidoushi-tadoushi
すくなくない
not few / quite a few
N4 common sukunakunai
めいれいけい
the imperative
N4 common imperative
さま
honorific title suffix (Mr/Ms, very polite)
N4 common sama
かんけいがある
to be related to ~
N3 common kankei-ga-aru
になれる
to get used to ~
N3 common ni-nareru
はでゆうめい
~ is famous for ~
N3 common wa-de-yuumei
さゆうする
to influence / determine ~
N3 common sayuu-suru
むき
suited for / facing ~
N3 common muki
むけ
intended for / aimed at ~
N3 common muke
じしん
oneself / itself (emphatic)
N3 common jishin
めん
in terms of ~ / the ~ side
N3 common men
such
N3 common kou-itta
such
N3 common kou-shita
to become
N3 common to-naru
いご
after / from then on / hereafter
N3 common igo
いこう
after / from ~ onward
N3 common ikou
なん〜も
as many as ~ / many ~
N3 common nan-mo
おこなう
to carry out
N3 common okonau
じぶん
oneself / myself
N3 common jibun
はんご
rhetorical question
N3 common rhetorical-question
がきになる
to be worried/curious about ~
N2 common ga-ki-ni-naru
にきをつける
to be careful about ~
N2 common ni-ki-o-tsukeru
をにまかせる
to leave ~ to ~
N2 common o-ni-makaseru
いかす
to make the most of ~
N2 common ikasu
がい
worth doing / the rewarding value of ~
N2 common kai-gai
じたい
itself / in itself
N2 common jitai
じょう
from the standpoint of / in terms of ~
N2 common jou
so-called / what is known as ~
N2 common iwayuru
なんらかの
some (kind of)
N2 common nanraka-no
おもいをする
to have a ~ experience/feeling
N1 common omoi-o-suru
in one's own way
N1 common nari-ni
のすがた
the figure/form of ~
N3 uncommon no-sugata
that kind of ~
N3 uncommon aa-shita
さいごまで
until the very end
N3 uncommon saigo-made
ふつうの
ordinary / usual / plain ~
N3 uncommon futsu-no
きんし
prohibition of ~ / no ~ing
N2 uncommon kinshi
どうし
among / between fellow ~ / each other
N2 uncommon doushi
ふうの
~-style / ~-like / in the manner of ~
N2 uncommon fu-no
ねがう
to request/wish
N2 uncommon negau
すませる
to finish/settle (something)
N2 uncommon sumaseru
すむ
to be finished
N2 uncommon sumu
じぶん
自分 used as a personal 'I/me'
N2 uncommon jibun-2
れいの
that (we both know about)
N2 uncommon rei-no
indescribably ~ / extremely ~
N1 uncommon to-ittara-nai
humble/derogatory pluralizing suffix for people
N1 uncommon domo
いかん
depends on how ~ is / the nature of ~
N1 uncommon ikan
なみ
on a par with
N1 uncommon nami
any / whatever / what kind of ~
N1 uncommon ikanaru
unique to
N1 uncommon nara-de-wa-no
covered/smeared all over with ~
N1 uncommon mamire
いち〜としてない
not a single ~
N1 uncommon ichi-to-shite-nai
classical nominalizing/adverbial 〜く (e.g. 曰く, 願わくは)
N1 rare ku
form
N1 rare nasu
をおいてほかにない
there is no ~ other than
N1 rare o-oite-hoka-ni-nai
をきんずる
to prohibit
N1 rare o-kinzuru
たとえていうならば
so to speak
N1 rare tatoete-iu-naraba
きらいだ
dislike / hate
none rare kiraida
おおぜい
a large number of people
none rare oozei
わける
divide
none rare wakeru