adjective N5 essential casualpolitewritten
い-adjectives — 〜い describing words (present, negative, past)
い形容詞
Meaning
- adjectives ending in 〜い (高い, 新しい) that conjugate by themselves — the tense and the negative live in the adjective, not in a copula
An い-adjective is a mini-predicate: 高い already means "is expensive," so it needs no です to make a sentence. Politeness is added on top; the grammar — negative, past — is carried inside the word.
Key sentence
この店は安い。
This shop is cheap.
Formation
| Attaches to | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present (dictionary) | 〜い | 高い (is expensive) |
| Negative | 〜い → 〜くない | 高くない (isn't expensive) |
| Past | 〜い → 〜かった | 高かった (was expensive) |
| Past negative | 〜くない → 〜くなかった | 高くなかった (wasn't expensive) |
| Adverb | 〜い → 〜く | 高く (high / expensively) |
| Polite | add です after any plain form | 高いです・高くなかったです |
When: Politeness is added by placing です after any plain form (高いです, 高くないです); the adjective itself does not change for politeness. Do not use だ with an い-adjective (×高いだ).
Examples
この本は高いです。
This book is expensive.
present + polite です
その店のラーメンはあまり高くない。
The ramen at that shop isn't very expensive.
negative 〜くない
昨日のテストは難しかった。
Yesterday's test was hard.
past 〜かった
その映画は面白くなかったです。
That movie wasn't interesting.
past-negative + polite
毎朝もっと早く起きる。
Every morning I get up earlier.
adverb 〜く modifying a verb
When you can't use it
- The tense and negative sit in the adjective, never in a copula: past is 高かった (not ×高いだった) and negative is 高くない (not ×高いじゃない). The じゃない / だった endings belong to nouns and な-adjectives.
- いい (good) is irregular — it conjugates from the older stem よ: よくない, よかった, よく, never ×いくない / ×いかった. Compounds inherit this: 格好いい → 格好よかった.
Easily confused with
Notes
- 'い-adjective' means the final い is part of the word and follows a vowel sound (高い, 新しい). Some な-adjectives also end in い (綺麗, 嫌い) — there the い is inside the stem, so they conjugate the な way (綺麗だった, not ×綺麗かった).
See い形容詞 in real sentences
Jengo shows い形容詞 the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.
Study it in Jengo