other N3 common politewritten
こうした — such
こうした
Meaning
- such ~ / these ~ — sums up things just mentioned to modify the following noun; characteristic of writing and formal speech
Key sentence
こうした問題は社会全体で考えるべきだ。
Such problems should be considered by society as a whole.
Formation
| Attaches to | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| こう + した (past of する) fused into a 連体詞; precedes a noun | こうした + [noun] | こうした状況 |
When: Writing, news, and formal speech, typically summing up points already raised. Casual conversation uses こういう or こんな.
Examples
こうした努力が実を結んだ。
Efforts of this kind bore fruit.
こうした傾向は今後も続くだろう。
This trend will likely continue.
Easily confused with
こういう Same meaning, register: こうした is bookish and summarizing; こういう is the everyday spoken form. こういった Near-interchangeable formal variants; こういった feels a touch softer/more spoken than the crisply written こうした. このような Both formal; このような can point at a single present instance, while こうした leans toward gathering up things already mentioned.
See こうした in real sentences
Jengo shows こうした the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.
Study it in JengoSources Compiled with reference to A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar.