auxiliary N5 essential politewritten teineigo (polite)

〜ます — Polite Verb Endings (ます・ません・ました)

〜ます ・ ます
Builds on 連用形(ます形)

Meaning

Plain vs ます is a register choice, not a change in meaning: く and きます both mean 'go'. ます is the safe default with anyone you don't know well, in service and workplace settings, and in most writing.

Key sentence

I'll go to Tokyo tomorrow.

Formation

Attaches toFormExample
Attaches to the masu-stem (連用形れんようけい) of any verb む → み、べる → べ、する → し
Non-past stem + ます (affirmative) / ません (negative) きます / きません
Past stem + ました (affirmative) / ませんでした (negative) きました / きませんでした

When: The everyday polite register — default with strangers, customers, teachers, and coworkers, and in formal writing. Switch to plain forms with close friends and family; ます there can sound stiff, but it is never actually wrong.

Variants

〜ませんか polite invitation — 'won't you ~?' (一緒いっしょきませんか) 〜ましょう ・ ましょう polite volitional — 'let's ~ / shall I ~' (its own node)

Examples

I work eight hours every day.
I don't drink alcohol.
polite negative
I watched a movie with a friend yesterday.
polite past
I didn't sleep well last night.
polite past negative
What time will you come?
ます + か for a polite question

When you can't use it

Easily confused with

Notes

See 〜ます in real sentences

Jengo shows 〜ます the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.

Study it in Jengo

See also

Sources Compiled from published Japanese grammar references.

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