auxiliary N5 essential politewritten teineigo (polite)
〜ます — Polite Verb Endings (ます・ません・ました)
〜ます ・ ます
Builds on 連用形(ます形)
Meaning
- the polite non-past verb ending ます and its full paradigm — ます / ません / ました / ませんでした — the verb half of the です・ます register
Plain vs ます is a register choice, not a change in meaning: 行く and 行きます both mean 'go'. ます is the safe default with anyone you don't know well, in service and workplace settings, and in most writing.
Key sentence
明日東京へ行きます。
I'll go to Tokyo tomorrow.
Formation
| Attaches to | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Attaches to | the masu-stem (連用形) of any verb | 飲む → 飲み、食べる → 食べ、する → し |
| Non-past | stem + ます (affirmative) / ません (negative) | 行きます / 行きません |
| Past | stem + ました (affirmative) / ませんでした (negative) | 行きました / 行きませんでした |
When: The everyday polite register — default with strangers, customers, teachers, and coworkers, and in formal writing. Switch to plain forms with close friends and family; ます there can sound stiff, but it is never actually wrong.
Variants
〜ませんか — polite invitation — 'won't you ~?' (一緒に行きませんか) 〜ましょう ・ ましょう — polite volitional — 'let's ~ / shall I ~' (its own node)
Examples
毎日八時間働きます。
I work eight hours every day.
お酒は飲みません。
I don't drink alcohol.
polite negative
昨日友だちと映画を見ました。
I watched a movie with a friend yesterday.
polite past
昨夜はよく寝ませんでした。
I didn't sleep well last night.
polite past negative
何時に来ますか。
What time will you come?
ます + か for a polite question
When you can't use it
- ます attaches only to the masu-stem, never to a plain form: ×行くます. Say 行きます.
- The past negative is ませんでした, not ×ませんかった — でした is the past of です carried onto ません.
Easily confused with
Notes
- In casual speech the ます is dropped for plain forms, but overusing plain forms with someone you've just met sounds blunt. When unsure of the register, ます is the safe choice.
See 〜ます in real sentences
Jengo shows 〜ます the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.
Study it in JengoSee also
Sources Compiled from published Japanese grammar references.