particle N3 common casualpolitewritten
では — contrastive topic 'as for / when it comes to ~'
では
Meaning
- in / at ~ (as opposed to elsewhere) — で (place/means/scope) marked with は for contrast
Key sentence
田舎では、こんな便利な店は見つからない。
In the countryside (unlike elsewhere), you won't find such a convenient shop.
Formation
| Attaches to | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun (で role-particle + は topic) | N + では | 日本では / 口では |
Examples
日本では、車は道路の左側を走る。
In Japan, cars drive on the left side of the road.
口では立派なことを言うが、行動が伴わない。
In words he says fine things, but his actions don't follow.
Easily confused with
Notes
- Sentence-initial では (casual じゃ) is a separate use — the transition 'well then / in that case': では、始めましょう.
See では in real sentences
Jengo shows では the way you actually meet it: inside real Japanese sentences, so it sticks instead of staying an abstract rule.
Study it in JengoSources Compiled with reference to A Dictionary of Advanced Japanese Grammar. Editorial confidence: medium.