Goal route

JLPT N3 Grammar List

All N3 grammar — the intermediate bridge. This is the band where set expressions, nuance particles and connectives pile up; clearing it is what turns native material from a wall into something you can read.

Sitting the JLPT N3 — or gauging where you are against it.

701
grammar points on this route
651
with a full written guide
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1 Foundations — the shared spine 61 points
plain non-past copula 'is / are'
N5 copula da
です
polite copula 'is / are'
N5 copula desu
the topic particle (as for ~)
N5 particle wa-2
the linking particle (A の B)
N5 particle no-3
じゃない
is not ~ (casual negative copula)
N5 copula janai
だった
plain past copula 'was / were'
N5 copula datta
the subject particle
N5 particle ga-2
the direct-object particle
N5 particle o
destination, location, and time
N5 particle ni-2
the indirect-object particle
N5 particle ni-3
place of action, means, cause, and scope
N5 particle de
question marker, 'or', and embedded questions
N5 particle ka
the direction particle
N5 particle e
'and' (listing) and 'with'
N5 particle to-2
also / too
N5 particle mo
から
from (starting point)
N5 particle kara-3
まで
until / as far as
N5 particle made
seeking agreement (~, right?)
N5 particle ne
asserting / informing (~, you know)
N5 particle yo
れんようけい
The Masu-Stem (Verb Base)
N5 form masu-stem
ます
Polite Verb Endings (ます・ません・ました)
N5 auxiliary masu-form
てけい
The Connective Form
N5 form te-form
ない
plain negation and 'there isn't'
N5 auxiliary nai
ください
please give me ~
N5 auxiliary kudasai
connecting clauses (and, -ing, so)
N5 connective te
てください
please do ~
N5 auxiliary te-kudasai
ている
ongoing action and resulting state
N5 aspect te-iru
てから
after ~ing
N5 connective te-kara
てもいい
may ~ / it's okay to ~
N5 modality te-mo-ii
てはいけない
must not ~
N5 modality te-wa-ikenai
てしまう
completion and regret
N4 aspect te-shimau
てみる
try ~ing (and see)
N4 auxiliary te-miru
あげる
to give (outward)
N5 other ageru
くれる
to give (to me)
N5 other kureru
てあげる
do ~ for someone (favor)
N4 auxiliary ageru-2
てくれる
(someone) does ~ for me
N4 auxiliary kureru-2
てもらう
have someone do ~ for you
N4 auxiliary morau
たい
want to ~
N5 modality tai
ほしい
want (a thing / someone to do)
N5 modality hoshii
だろう
probably ~ (conjecture)
N5 modality darou
でしょう
probably ~ / ~, right? (polite)
N5 modality deshou
かもしれない
might / maybe ~
N4 modality kamoshirenai
はず
should / be supposed to ~
N4 modality hazu
natural / inevitable result
N4 conditional to-conditional
たら
the general 'if / when'
N4 conditional tara
hypothetical / general condition
N4 conditional ba
なら
if it's the case that ~
N4 conditional nara
から
because (reason)
N5 connective kara
ので
because (objective / polite)
N5 connective node
けど
but / though (casual)
N5 connective kedo
but / however (conjunctive)
N4 connective ga-3
のに
although ~ (and yet)
N4 connective noni
ながら
while ~ing
N4 connective nagara
とき
when ~ (at the time that)
N5 connective toki
まえに
before ~ing
N5 connective mae-ni
あと(で)
after ~ing
N4 connective ato-de
こと
turning a clause into a noun
N4 nominalizer koto
のがすき
to like ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-suki
のほうが
~ is more / the better one
N5 connective no-hou-ga
よりのほうが
A is more ~ than B
N5 particle yori-no-hou-ga
いちばん
most (the superlative)
N5 adverbial ichiban
2 JLPT N5 75 points
からまで
from ~ to ~
N5 particle kara-made
だけ
only / just ~
N5 particle dake
〜は〜が
topic は, subject が within it
N5 particle wa-ga
へいく
to go to ~
N5 particle he-iku
しか
only
N5 particle shika
every role of the particle に
N5 particle ni
marking a point in time
N5 particle ni-5
じゃなかった
was not ~ (casual past negative copula)
N5 copula janakatta
〜は〜だ
topic-comment: X は Y だ
N5 copula wa-da
〜は〜です
topic-comment, polite: X は Y です
N5 copula wa-desu
te-form of だ/です: 'being ~, and ...'
N5 copula de-3
まだていません
have not ~ yet
N5 aspect mada-te-imasen
ないでください
please do not ~
N5 auxiliary nai-de-kudasai
がほしい
to want (a thing)
N5 modality ga-hoshii
たほうがいい
had better ~ / should ~
N5 modality ta-hou-ga-ii
ないほうがいい
had better not ~
N5 modality nai-hou-ga-ii
なくてもいい
don't have to ~
N5 modality naku-temo-ii
ましょうか
shall I ~? / shall we ~?
N5 modality mashou-ka
ませんか
won't you ~? (invitation)
N5 modality masen-ka
てはいけません
must not ~ (polite)
N5 modality te-wa-ikemasen
なくてはいけない
must ~
N5 modality nakute-wa-ikenai
なくてはならない
must ~
N5 modality nakute-wa-naranai
のです
explanatory のだ (polite / written)
N5 modality no-desu
ましょう
let's ~ (polite volitional)
N5 modality mashou
んです
explanatory のだ (polite spoken)
N5 modality n-desu
quotative と
N5 quotation to-quotative
くて
te-form of an i-adjective: is ~ and
N5 connective kute
にいく
go to do ~ (purpose)
N5 connective ni-iku
そして
and / and then
N5 connective soshite
それから
and then
N5 connective sore-kara
また
again
N5 connective mata
すぐ
immediately
N5 adverbial sugu
とても
very (affirmative)
N5 adverbial totemo
まだ
still
N5 adverbial mada
もう
already
N5 adverbial mou
もっと
more
N5 adverbial motto
いっしょに
together
N5 adverbial issho-ni
があります
there is ~ (polite)
N5 other ga-arimasu
がある
there is ~ (inanimate)
N5 other ga-aru
がいる
there is ~ (animate)
N5 other ga-iru
になる
to become ~
N5 other ni-naru
ある
to exist (inanimate)
N5 other aru
いる
to exist (animate)
N5 other iru-3
この
adnominal demonstrative: this ~
N5 other kono
さん
polite title suffix
N5 other san
なる
to become
N5 other naru
くる
to come (irregular verb)
N5 other kuru
sentence-final の: explanatory tone or soft question
N5 particle no-2
のなかでがいちばん
among ~, ~ is the most ~
N5 particle no-naka-de-ga-ichiban
particle か: 'or'
N5 particle ka-2
なにかなにも
something / anything / nothing
N5 particle nani-ka-nani-mo
particle に marking the agent/source
N5 particle ni-4
よね
~ right?
N5 particle yo-ne
だれかどこか
someone / no one, somewhere / nowhere
N5 particle dareka-dokoka
たことがある
have done ~ before
N5 aspect koto-ga-aru
すぎる
too much / excessively ~
N5 auxiliary sugiru
ちゃいけない
must not ~
N5 modality cha-ikenai
なくちゃ
gotta ~
N5 modality naku-cha
のがじょうず
to be good at ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-jouzu
のがへた
to be bad at ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-heta
あまり
not very ~
N5 adverbial amari
たくさん
a lot / many
N5 adverbial takusan
どう
how / in what way
N5 adverbial dou
どうして
why
N5 adverbial doushite
どうやって
how / by what means
N5 adverbial douyatte
どうぞ
please / go ahead / by all means
N5 interjection douzo
ちゃん
affectionate name suffix 〜ちゃん
N5 other chan
たち
plural suffix for people
N5 other tachi
どんな
what kind of ~
N5 other donna
をつかって
using
N5 other o-tsukatte
まえ
front / before (noun)
N5 other mae
すきだ
to like
N5 other sukida
すくない
few / not much
N5 other sukunai
しる
to know
N5 other shiru
いる
to need
N5 other iru-4
3 JLPT N4 231 points
かどうか
whether (or not)
N4 particle ka-dou-ka
〜たり〜たり
do such things as ~ and ~
N4 particle tari-tari
〜たり〜たりする
do things like ~ and ~ (full pattern)
N4 particle tari-tari-suru
より
than / from
N4 particle yori
でも
even ~ / ~ or something
N4 particle de-mo
までに
by (a deadline)
N4 particle made-ni
〜ようとする
try to ~ / be about to ~
N4 aspect you-to-suru
〜ようにする
make an effort to ~
N4 aspect youni-suru
〜ようになる
come to ~ / reach the point where ~
N4 aspect youni-naru
しまう
to put away / finish
N4 aspect shimau
なければ
if not ~
N4 conditional nakereba
やすい
easy to ~
N4 auxiliary yasui
いただく
receive (humble)
N4 auxiliary itadaku
〜ようとおもう
be thinking of ~ing / intend to ~
N4 modality you-to-omou
ほうがいい
~ is better / it'd be better to ~
N4 modality hou-ga-ii
ことができる
can / be able to ~
N4 modality koto-ga-dekiru
つもり
intend to ~
N4 modality tsumori
ないといけない
must ~
N4 modality nai-to-ikenai
なければいけない
must ~
N4 modality nakereba-ikenai
なければならない
must ~ / have to ~
N4 modality nakereba-naranai
のだ
explanatory のだ / んだ
N4 modality no-da
ようだ
it seems / looks like ~
N4 modality youda
とおもう
to think that ~
N4 quotation to-omou
という
called ~ / the ~ that
N4 quotation to-iu
かた
way / manner of doing ~
N4 nominalizer kata
られる
passive られる: the subject is acted upon
N4 passive rareru-2
あとで
after ~
N4 connective ato-de-2
ても
even if ~ / even though ~
N4 connective te-mo
ばあい
in the case of ~ / if ~
N4 connective baai
しかし
however / but
N4 connective shikashi
だから
so / therefore
N4 connective dakara
ないで
without ~ing / don't ~
N4 connective nai-de
なくて
not ~ and / because not ~
N4 connective nakute
のために
for the sake of / because of
N4 connective no-tame-ni
ように
like ~ / so that ~
N4 connective youni
ぜんぜん
(not) at all (with negative)
N4 adverbial zenzen
ごろ
around / about (a point in time)
N4 other goro
こんな
adnominal demonstrative: this kind of
N4 other konna
にする
decide on ~ / make it ~
N4 other ni-suru
れんたいしゅうしょくせつ
noun-modifying (relative) clause
N4 other relative-clause
〜か〜か
whether ~ or ~
N4 particle ka-ka
かな
sentence-final 'I wonder / I hope ~'
N4 particle kana
からつくる
made from ~ (raw material whose form changes)
N4 particle kara-tsukuru
ずつ
~ each
N4 particle zutsu
でできる
made of ~ (material)
N4 particle de-dekiru
とと、どちらが
between ~ and ~, which is more ~?
N4 particle to-to-dochira-ga
とかとか
things like ~ and ~
N4 particle toka-toka
のなかで
among / of all ~
N4 particle no-naka-de
も〜も
both ~ and ~ / neither ~ nor ~
N4 particle mo-mo
いがい
other than ~
N4 particle igai
ほうが
the ~ one / the ~ side (selecting an option)
N4 particle hou-ga
かしら
sentence-final 'I wonder ~'
N4 particle kashira
とか
things like ~ (casual examples)
N4 particle toka
sentence-final な expressing emotion or seeking agreement
N4 particle na-2
なあ
sentence-final particle of emotion/admiration/wishing
N4 particle naa
など
and so on / etc.
N4 particle nado
particle も: even ~
N4 particle mo-2
listing nouns non-exhaustively ('and, among others')
N4 particle ya
particle を marking the space/path traversed
N4 particle o-2
particle を marking the point of departure/separation
N4 particle o-3
まえから
from before / for a while now
N4 particle mae-kara
でございます
to be ~
N4 copula de-gozaimasu
はのひとつだ
~ is one of the ~
N4 copula wa-no-hitotsu-da
たところ
just (finished) ~ing
N4 aspect ta-tokoro
たばかり
just ~ed
N4 aspect ta-bakari
ていく
(aspect) to go on doing
N4 aspect iku
ていた
was ~ing
N4 aspect te-ita
ているところ
in the middle of ~ing
N4 aspect teiru-tokoro
てくる
(aspect) begin to ~
N4 aspect kuru-2
とく
colloquial contraction of 〜ておく
N4 aspect toku
るところだ
about to ~
N4 aspect ru-tokoro-da
だす
suddenly start ~ing / burst into ~ing
N4 aspect dasu
はじめる
begin to ~ / start ~ing
N4 aspect hajimeru
つづける
continue ~ing
N4 aspect tsuzukeru
てある
(something) has been done and remains so
N4 aspect te-aru
ておく
do ~ in advance / in preparation
N4 aspect te-oku
なくなる
come to no longer ~
N4 aspect naku-naru
おわる
finish (doing)
N4 aspect owaru
なかったら
if there is no ~
N4 conditional nakattara
のなら
if ~ (given what you say)
N4 conditional no-nara
がる
show signs of / outwardly display a feeling
N4 auxiliary garu
くする
to make (something) ~
N4 auxiliary ku-suru
させてください
please let me ~
N4 auxiliary sasete-kudasai
たがる
to show signs of wanting to ~
N4 auxiliary tagaru
ちまう
colloquial/rough 〜てしまう: end up ~ing / do completely
N4 auxiliary chimau
ちゃう
colloquial 〜てしまう: do completely / end up ~ing
N4 auxiliary chau
ていただけませんか
could you please ~?
N4 auxiliary te-itadakemasen-ka
てくれない
won't you ~? / can I get you to ~? (request)
N4 auxiliary te-kurenai
てやる
(casual benefactive) do something for someone (inferior/inti
N4 auxiliary yaru
かする
to turn into ~ / -ize
N4 auxiliary ka-suru
ございます
there is
N4 auxiliary gozaimasu
ていただく
have someone do ~
N4 auxiliary te-itadaku
てくださる
someone kindly does ~ for me
N4 auxiliary te-kudasaru
にくい
hard to ~
N4 auxiliary nikui
のような
like
N4 auxiliary no-youna
まっ
completely / deep ~
N4 auxiliary ma-prefix
がひつよう
~ is necessary
N4 modality ga-hitsuyou
がみられる
~ can be seen / observed
N4 modality ga-mirareru
ことがある
there are times when ~
N4 modality koto-ga-aru-2
じゃないか
isn't it ~?
N4 modality janai-ka
そうだ
looks like ~
N4 modality souda-2
そうに
looking ~
N4 modality sou-ni
たらいいですか
what should I ~?
N4 modality tara-ii-desu-ka
たらどう
why don't you ~?
N4 modality tara-dou
ではないか
isn't it ~?
N4 modality dewa-nai-ka
といい
it'd be nice if ~ / I hope ~
N4 modality to-ii
とされている
it is said / regarded as ~
N4 modality to-sarete-iru
とかんがえられている
it is thought / considered that ~
N4 modality to-kangaerarete-iru
といってもいい
you could say that ~
N4 modality to-ittemo-ii
といわれている
it is said that ~
N4 modality to-iwarete-iru
ないと
have to ~
N4 modality naito
にみえる
to look ~
N4 modality ni-mieru
のだろうか
I wonder if ~
N4 modality no-darou-ka
はずがない
there is no way that ~
N4 modality hazu-ga-nai
はずだ
it should be ~
N4 modality hazu-da
ばよかった
should have ~ / I wish I had ~
N4 modality ba-yokatta
みたい
like ~
N4 modality mitai
みたいに
like ~
N4 modality mitai-ni
〜ような / よな
like ~ / such as ~
N4 modality yona
ようにてほしい
to want (someone to)
N4 modality you-ni-te-hoshii
られる
potential られる: can / be able to
N4 modality rareru-3
よていだ
to plan to ~
N4 modality yotei-da
ひつようがある
there is a need to ~
N4 modality hitsuyou-ga-aru
いい
good / fine
N4 modality ii
ことにする
decide to ~
N4 modality koto-ni-suru
ことになる
it comes to be that ~
N4 modality koto-ni-naru
ことにきめる
decide to ~
N4 modality koto-ni-kimeru
たらどうですか
how about ~ing?
N4 modality tara-do-desuka
だろ
casual contraction of だろう: 'probably ~' / 'right?'
N4 modality daro
てほしい
want someone to ~
N4 modality te-hoshii
てもらいたい
want someone to ~
N4 modality te-moraitai
てよかった
I'm glad that ~
N4 modality te-yokatta
なくては
must ~
N4 modality nakute-wa
なさい
soft imperative: do ~
N4 modality nasai
みたいだ
looks like
N4 modality mitaida
らしい
seems / typical of
N4 modality rashii
られない
cannot ~
N4 modality rarenai
きこえる
be audible / can be heard (spontaneous)
N4 modality kikoeru
ときいた
I heard that ~
N4 quotation to-kiita
そうだ
I hear that
N4 quotation souda
ということ
the fact/idea that ~
N4 nominalizer to-iu-koto
の pronoun: 'one' — stands in for a noun
N4 nominalizer no
nominalizing suffix (degree: 高さ)
N4 nominalizer sa
ところ
point / moment / aspect (nominalizer)
N4 nominalizer tokoro
のこと
about
N4 nominalizer no-koto
のは〜だ
cleft sentence: 'the one who/that ... is ~'
N4 nominalizer no-wa-da
もの
nominalizer for a concrete/tangible thing
N4 nominalizer mono
させる
make/let
N4 causative saseru
せる
causative auxiliary (make/let someone do) for 五段 verbs
N4 causative seru
れる
passive/potential/spontaneous/honorific auxiliary
N4 passive reru
みられる
can see / be seen (potential-passive of 見る)
N4 passive mirareru
いたします
to do
N4 honorific itashimasu
いたす
to do
N4 honorific itasu
いらっしゃる
to be / come / go
N4 honorific irassharu
お〜ください
please do ~
N4 honorific o-vmasu-kudasai
お〜する
humble form: I humbly do ~ for you
N4 honorific o-suru-2
お〜になる
honorific form of a verb
N4 honorific o-ni-naru
くださる
honorific of くれる: (a superior) gives to me/us
N4 honorific kudasaru
なさる
to do
N4 honorific nasaru
しし
~ and ~ (listing reasons/qualities)
N4 connective shi-shi
だけで
just by ~ / with only ~
N4 connective dake-de
ているあいだに
while ~ing
N4 connective te-iru-aida-ni
てくれてありがとう
thank you for ~ing
N4 connective te-kurete-arigatou
てすみません
I'm sorry for ~ing / thanks for ~ing
N4 connective te-sumimasen
ようにいのる
to pray / hope that ~
N4 connective you-ni-inoru
んだけど
~, but / softening preface
N4 connective ndakedo
ばあいは
in the case of ~
N4 connective baai-wa
あいだ(に)
while / during ~ (at some point within a span)
N4 connective aida-ni
うちに
while ~ (before it changes)
N4 connective uchi-ni
けれど
but / however / although
N4 connective keredo
and (what's more) / listing reasons
N4 connective shi
それで
and so
N4 connective sore-de
それでは
well then
N4 connective sore-de-wa
それでも
even so
N4 connective sore-demo
それなら
if that's the case
N4 connective sore-nara
だけど
but / however
N4 connective dakedo
といっしょに
together with
N4 connective to-issho-ni
なくても
even if not ~
N4 connective nakute-mo
については
as for
N4 connective ni-tsuite-wa
のばあい(は)
in the case of
N4 connective no-baai-wa
あんまり
colloquial あまり: '(not) very'
N4 adverbial anmari
いかが
how / how about ~?
N4 adverbial ikaga
いくら
how much / how many
N4 adverbial ikura
いつでも
always / any time / whenever
N4 adverbial itsu-de-mo
きっと
surely / no doubt
N4 adverbial kitto
さっき
a little while ago
N4 adverbial sakki
ずっと
the whole time / by far
N4 adverbial zutto
そんなに
that much / so ~
N4 adverbial sonna-ni
だんだん
gradually
N4 adverbial dandan
どんどん
rapidly / steadily
N4 adverbial dondon
なかなかない
not easily ~
N4 adverbial nakanaka-nai
なるべく
as much as possible
N4 adverbial naru-beku
ほかにも
besides
N4 adverbial hoka-ni-mo
ほとんど
almost / mostly
N4 adverbial hotondo
もうすぐ
soon
N4 adverbial mo-sugu
もし(も)
if
N4 adverbial moshi-mo
いちど
once / one time
N4 adverbial ichido
なにもない
nothing / not anything
N4 adverbial nani-mo-nai
ぜんぜん〜ない
not at all ~
N4 adverbial zenzen-nai
たいへん
very / tough
N4 adverbial taihen
かならず
without fail / always
N4 adverbial kanarazu
ほんとうに
really / truly
N4 adverbial hontou-ni
ひじょうに
extremely / very
N4 adverbial hijouni
おい
hey!
N4 interjection oi
てね
(do) ~, okay? (soft request / reminder)
N4 interjection te-ne
がする
a sound / smell / taste / feeling occurs
N4 other ga-suru
にきがつく
to notice ~
N4 other ni-ki-ga-tsuku
がた
polite pluralizing suffix for people
N4 other gata
ordinal suffix (三番目 'the third')
N4 other me
かん
for a period of ~ (duration suffix)
N4 other kan
こういう
such
N4 other kou-iu
このような
such
N4 other kono-youna
さしあげる
to give (humble, to a superior)
N4 other sashiageru
そういう
that kind of ~
N4 other sou-iu
どのような
what kind of ~
N4 other dono-youna
まま
as it is
N4 other mama
ままで
in the state of ~
N4 other mama-de
やる
to do (casual = する)
N4 other yaru-3
pluralizing/approximating suffix for people
N4 other ra
なんでも
anything / everything
N4 other nandemo
くん
familiar address suffix for juniors and peers
N4 other kun
めいれいけい
the imperative
N4 other imperative
すくなくない
not few / quite a few
N4 other sukunakunai
さま
honorific title suffix (Mr/Ms, very polite)
N4 other sama
じどうしたどうし
intransitive vs transitive verb pairs
N4 other jidoushi-tadoushi
みえる
be visible
N4 other mieru
かい
casual sentence-final question particle
N4 particle kai
だら
colloquial conditional 'if it is ~'
N4 conditional dara
ないはない
there is no ~ that doesn't ~
N4 modality nai-wa-nai
きける
can hear / can ask (potential of 聞く)
N4 modality kikeru
(unclear) a 〜のように likeness frame
N4 modality mai-no-you-ni
4 JLPT N3 334 points
ほど
extent / degree
N3 particle hodo
について
about / concerning
N3 particle ni-tsuite
ために
in order to (purpose)
N3 connective tame-ni
ぜったいに
absolutely
N3 adverbial zettai-ni
かなにか
~ or something
N3 particle ka-nani-ka
きり
only ~ / and that was the last ~
N3 particle kiri
だけしか
only ~
N3 particle dake-shika
だらけ
covered in ~ / full of ~
N3 particle darake
って
casual って: quotative
N3 particle tte
〜でも〜でも
whether ~ or ~
N3 particle demo-demo
ばかり
only / nothing but ~
N3 particle bakari
ほか
other than / besides ~ (〜のほか)
N3 particle hoka
ちゅう(に)/じゅう(に)
during ~ / within ~ / in the middle of ~
N3 particle chu-ni
いがいは
other than ~ / except ~
N3 particle igai-wa
いらい
since / ever since ~
N3 particle irai
くらい
approximately
N3 particle kurai
こそ
precisely / it is exactly ~ that
N3 particle koso
さえ
even
N3 particle sae
forceful assertion
N3 particle zo
だい
casual masculine question marker (on wh-questions)
N3 particle dai
だって
even ~
N3 particle datte-2
っけ
...was it? / ...again? (recalling)
N3 particle kke
でさえ
even ~
N3 particle de-sae
では
contrastive topic 'as for / when it comes to ~'
N3 particle de-wa
として
as
N3 particle to-shite
としては
as for / for
N3 particle to-shite-wa
などと
(saying / thinking) things like ~
N3 particle nado-to
などの
(kinds of) ~ such as
N3 particle nado-no
なんか
things like / (dismissively) ~ of all things
N3 particle nanka
なんて
things like ~ / the idea of ~ (citing dismissively)
N3 particle nante
にかけて
over/through (a span: から〜にかけて)
N3 particle ni-kakete
にとって
for / to (from someone's standpoint)
N3 particle ni-totte
には
in order to (purpose)
N3 particle ni-wa
によって
by means of / by / depending on
N3 particle ni-yotte
による
due to / depending on ~
N3 particle ni-yoru
にたいして
toward
N3 particle ni-taishite
にかんして
regarding
N3 particle ni-kanshite
contrastive and emphatic は
N3 particle wa
もん
colloquial もの: a reason or excuse with a touch of defiance
N3 particle mon
でもある
is also ~
N3 copula de-mo-aru
である
formal/written copula 'to be'
N3 copula de-aru
かける
to be half-way ~ing / on the verge of ~
N3 aspect kakeru
てばかりいる
to do nothing but ~
N3 aspect te-bakari-iru
ところだ
(aspect) at the point of: about to ~ / in the middle of ~ / just did
N3 aspect tokoro-da
ところだった
was just about to ~
N3 aspect tokoro-datta
はとなっている
~ has become ~
N3 aspect wa-to-natte-iru
いっぽうだ
keeps getting more and more ~
N3 aspect ippou-da
ことにしている
make a habit of ~ing
N3 aspect koto-ni-shite-iru
っぱなし
leave ~ (in a state)
N3 aspect ppanashi
がなければ
if there is no ~ / without ~
N3 conditional ga-nakereba
さえば
if only ~
N3 conditional sae-ba
てからでないと
unless you first ~
N3 conditional te-kara-de-nai-to
でないと
if it isn't ~ / unless ~
N3 conditional de-nai-to
でなかったら
if it is not ~
N3 conditional de-nakattara
でなくては
unless it is ~ / it must be ~
N3 conditional de-nakute-wa
でなければ
if it is not ~ / unless it is ~
N3 conditional de-nakereba
でよければ
if ~ is OK (with you)
N3 conditional de-yokereba
ばのに
if only ~
N3 conditional ba-noni
ばほど
the more ~, the more ~
N3 conditional ba-hodo
いくら〜ても
no matter how (much) ~
N3 conditional ikura-temo
たって
even if ~
N3 conditional tatte
できれば
if possible
N3 conditional dekireba
もしもたら
if (were to happen)
N3 conditional moshimo-tara
もしもなら
if (it's the case that)
N3 conditional moshimo-nara
づらい
hard to ~
N3 auxiliary zurai
てごらん
try ~ing
N3 auxiliary te-goran
あがる
to finish ~ing completely
N3 auxiliary agaru-ageru
きる
to do ~ completely / all the way to the end
N3 auxiliary kiru
きれない
cannot finish ~ing / too many to ~
N3 auxiliary kirenai
あう
to do ~ to each other
N3 auxiliary au
てき
-ic / -al
N3 auxiliary teki
なおす
to re-do
N3 auxiliary naosu
こむ
to do ~ thoroughly / repeatedly, or to move ~ inward
N3 auxiliary komu
とおす
to do ~ all the way through
N3 auxiliary toosu
てやる
do ~ for (an inferior/animal)
N3 auxiliary te-yaru
ことだ
should ~ (advice)
N3 modality koto-da
そうにない
very unlikely to ~
N3 modality sou-ni-nai
たものだ
used to ~
N3 modality ta-mono-da
だけだ
it's only ~ / simply ~
N3 modality dake-da
つもりだった
had intended to ~ (but didn't)
N3 modality tsumori-datta
つもりで
with the intention of ~
N3 modality tsumori-de
ているばあいじゃない
this is no time to be ~ing
N3 modality teiru-baai-janai
てもかまわない
it's okay if ~
N3 modality temo-kamawanai
てもはじまらない
it's no use ~ing
N3 modality temo-hajimaranai
てすむ
can settle/manage by just ~ing
N3 modality te-sumu
とする
to assume / regard as ~
N3 modality to-suru
とみえる
it seems that ~ (judging from evidence)
N3 modality to-mieru
といえる
one can say that ~
N3 modality to-ieru
negative command 'don't ~'
N3 modality na-prohibitive
ないことはない
it's not that one can't ~
N3 modality nai-koto-wa-nai
にかぎる
nothing beats ~
N3 modality ni-kagiru
のでしょうか
is it that ~?
N3 modality no-deshou-ka
ばいい
you should ~ / it'd be good to ~
N3 modality ba-ii
ふりをする
to pretend to ~
N3 modality furi-o-suru
べきだ
should ~ / ought to ~
N3 modality beki-da
べきではない
should not ~
N3 modality beki-de-wa-nai
ようとしない
won't even try to ~
N3 modality you-to-shinai
ようなきがする
to have a feeling that ~
N3 modality you-na-ki-ga-suru
わけがない
there is no way ~
N3 modality wake-ga-nai
かのうせいがある
there is a possibility that ~
N3 modality kanousei-ga-aru
ひつようはない
there is no need to ~
N3 modality hitsuyo-wa-nai
がたい
hard to ~ / difficult to bring oneself to ~
N3 modality gatai
ことになっている
it is the rule that ~
N3 modality koto-ni-natte-iru
ことはない
there is no need to ~
N3 modality koto-wa-nai
しかない
have no choice but to / there's only ~
N3 modality shika-nai
そうになる
almost ~ / was about to ~
N3 modality sou-ni-naru
たまらない
can't stand it / unbearable
N3 modality tamaranai
たらいいか
what should I ~?
N3 modality tara-ii-ka
だろうか
I wonder if ~ / perhaps ~
N3 modality darou-ka
てしかたがない
can't help (feeling) ~
N3 modality te-shikata-ga-nai
てたまらない
unbearably ~
N3 modality te-tamaranai
とはかぎらない
not necessarily ~
N3 modality to-wa-kagiranai
ないようにしてください
please make sure not to ~
N3 modality nai-youni-shite-kudasai
ならない
the bound element in 〜てならない and obligation patterns
N3 modality naranai
なんて
how ~! / what (a) ~! (exclamatory)
N3 modality nante-2
にちがいない
must be / I'm sure ~
N3 modality ni-chigainai
まるでようだ
just like ~
N3 modality marude-you-da
ものだ
general truth / the way things ought to be
N3 modality mono-da
わけだ
that means ~ / no wonder
N3 modality wake-da
わけではない
it's not that ~
N3 modality wake-de-wa-nai
わけにはいかない
cannot (afford to) ~
N3 modality wake-ni-wa-ikanai
しかたがない
it can't be helped / there's no use
N3 modality shikata-ga-nai
あたりまえだ
it's only natural / obvious
N3 modality atarimae-da
かんがえられない
unthinkable / inconceivable
N3 modality kangaerarenai
ということだ
it means that ~
N3 quotation to-iu-koto-da
〜ようにいう
tell someone to ~
N3 quotation youni-iu
んだって
I hear that ~
N3 quotation ndatte
-ness (quality nominalizing suffix)
N3 nominalizer mi
とおり(に)
just as ~
N3 nominalizer toori-ni
れんようけいのめいしようほう
using a verb's masu-stem as a noun: 動く→動き 'movement', 遊ぶ→遊び
N3 nominalizer masu-stem-noun
させられる
be made/forced to do
N3 causative saserareru
おする
humble お/ご + verb-stem + する: humbly do
N3 honorific o-suru
おかげで
thanks to ~
N3 connective okage-de
かないか
whether or not ~
N3 connective ka-nai-ka
からだ
it is because ~
N3 connective kara-da
からいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 connective kara-iu-to
〜ずに
without ~ing
N3 connective zu-ni
せいで
because of ~ (and something bad resulted)
N3 connective sei-de
たとたん
the instant ~ / the moment ~
N3 connective ta-totan
だけでなく
not only ~
N3 connective dake-de-wa-naku
だけでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective dake-de-wa-naku-2
だけでも
even just ~ / at least ~
N3 connective dake-demo
てはいけないから
because you must not ~ (so...)
N3 connective te-wa-ikenai-kara
てもなくても
whether or not ~
N3 connective temo-nakutemo
ではなくて
not ~ (but rather)
N3 connective dewa-nakute
でいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 connective de-iu-to
というりゆうで
for the reason that ~
N3 connective to-iu-riyuu-de
とおなじで
the same as ~
N3 connective to-onaji-de
といっても
even though I say ~
N3 connective to-ittemo
ないうちに
before ~ (happens)
N3 connective nai-uchi-ni
なく
without ~ / not ~ (adverbial negative)
N3 connective naku
にあわせて
in accordance with / to match ~
N3 connective ni-awasete
にあたる
to correspond to / be equivalent to ~
N3 connective ni-ataru
にくらべて
compared to ~
N3 connective ni-kurabete
のに
for (the purpose of) doing ~
N3 connective noni-2
のあいだに
while ~
N3 connective no-aida-ni
はいうまでもない
it goes without saying that ~
N3 connective wa-iu-made-mo-nai
ばかりで
only ~
N3 connective bakari-de
ばかりでなく
not only ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku
ばかりでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-2
ばかりでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-3
〜ばかりでなく〜(も)
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-4
ほどない
not as ~ as
N3 connective hodo-nai
も〜ば〜も
both ~ and ~
N3 connective mo-ba-mo
をこめて
filled with ~
N3 connective o-komete
かわりに
instead of ~ / in exchange for ~
N3 connective kawari-ni
さいちゅうに
right in the middle of ~
N3 connective saichuu-ni
とちゅうで
on the way
N3 connective tochuu-de
あと
besides / and also (afterthought)
N3 connective ato
いくらでも
no matter how much / いくらでも any amount
N3 connective ikura-demo
おかげ
thanks to / owing to (a good outcome)
N3 connective okage
くせに
even though
N3 connective kuse-ni
ことから
from the fact that ~
N3 connective koto-kara
ことで
by ~ing
N3 connective koto-de
ことにより/によって
by means of ~ing
N3 connective koto-ni-yori-yotte
ことは
admittedly ~, but ~
N3 connective koto-wa
さて
well then
N3 connective sate
すると
thereupon / and then
N3 connective suru-to
せい
the fault / cause of (something bad)
N3 connective sei
そうすると
if that's the case / and then
N3 connective sou-suru-to
そうですが
that may be so, but ~
N3 connective so-desu-ga
そこで
and so
N3 connective soko-de
そのため
therefore / for that reason
N3 connective sono-tame
そのために
for that purpose / to that end
N3 connective sono-tame-ni
そのけっか
as a result
N3 connective sono-kekka
それと
and
N3 connective sore-to
それとも
or
N3 connective soretomo
それに
besides
N3 connective sore-ni
ただ
only / but
N3 connective tada
たとえても
even if ~
N3 connective tatoe-temo
ためだ
it is because / it is for ~
N3 connective tame-da
たらすぐ
as soon as ~
N3 connective tara-sugu
たらすぐに
as soon as ~
N3 connective tara-sugu-2
だが
but / however
N3 connective daga
だって
because
N3 connective datte
ついでに
while at it
N3 connective tsuide-ni
つまり
in other words
N3 connective tsumari
というと
speaking of ~
N3 connective to-iu-to
というのは
the reason is that ~
N3 connective to-iu-no-wa
というふうに
in such a way that
N3 connective to-iu-fu-ni
というより
rather than ~
N3 connective to-iu-yori
といえば
speaking of ~
N3 connective to-ieba
ときには
at times
N3 connective toki-ni-wa
ところが
however
N3 connective tokoro-ga
ところで
by the way (topic shift)
N3 connective tokoro-de
とすぐに
as soon as ~
N3 connective to-sugu-ni
とすると
assuming that
N3 connective to-suru-to
とおなじくらい
about the same as ~
N3 connective to-onaji-kurai
どんなにても
no matter how
N3 connective donna-ni-temo
ながら(も)
although / even while
N3 connective nagara-mo
なしで
without ~
N3 connective nashi-de
なぜなら
the reason is (because) ~
N3 connective nazenara
なぜなら(ば)〜からだ
the reason is, it's because ~
N3 connective naze-nara-ba-kara-da
にしては
for / considering
N3 connective ni-shite-wa
にしても
even if / even granting that
N3 connective ni-shite-mo
につれて
as
N3 connective ni-tsurete
になると
when it becomes / when it comes to ~
N3 connective ni-naru-to
によると
according to
N3 connective ni-yoru-to
によれば
according to ~
N3 connective ni-yoreba
にたいする
toward
N3 connective ni-taishite-2
にくらべると
compared to ~ (when you compare)
N3 connective ni-kuraberu-to
にかんする
concerning
N3 connective ni-kanshite-2
のだから
because (as you know) ~
N3 connective no-da-kara
のかわりに
instead of ~ / in place of ~ / in exchange for ~
N3 connective no-kawari-ni
または
or
N3 connective mata-wa
をはじめ(として)
starting with
N3 connective o-hajime-to-shite
たとえば
for example
N3 connective tatoeba
わりに(は)
considering ~
N3 connective wari-ni-wa
たびに
every time
N3 connective tabi-ni
たしかに〜が
admittedly ~ but
N3 connective tashika-ni-ga
とたん(に)
the moment that ~
N3 connective totan-ni
ごとに
each / every ~
N3 adverbial goto-ni
ぶりに
for the first time in (a period)
N3 adverbial buri-ni
ぎみ
-ish / a touch of / showing signs of ~
N3 adverbial gimi
あまりにも
far too ~
N3 adverbial amari-ni-mo
おきに
at intervals of
N3 adverbial oki-ni
かなり
quite / considerably
N3 adverbial kanari
さっぱり
not at all / no idea
N3 adverbial sappari
しばらく
for a while
N3 adverbial shibaraku
せいぜい
at most
N3 adverbial seizei
せっかく
with effort / a precious chance
N3 adverbial sekkaku
せめて
at least (if only)
N3 adverbial semete
それぞれ
each
N3 adverbial sorezore
それだけ
that much
N3 adverbial sore-dake
たった
only / just (emphasising how small)
N3 adverbial tatta
たまには
once in a while
N3 adverbial tama-ni-wa
だいたい
roughly / mostly
N3 adverbial daitai
ちっとも
not at all
N3 adverbial chittomo
ちゃんと
properly
N3 adverbial chanto
っぽい
-ish / has the quality of ~
N3 adverbial ppoi
つい
unintentionally
N3 adverbial tsui
とうとう
finally / in the end
N3 adverbial toutou
とても〜ない
cannot possibly ~
N3 adverbial totemo-nai
とにかく
anyway / in any case
N3 adverbial tonikaku
どうか
please
N3 adverbial dou-ka
どうしても
no matter what
N3 adverbial doushitemo
どんなに
(no matter) how much / however ~
N3 adverbial donnani
なかなか
quite / impressively
N3 adverbial nakanaka
なぜか
for some reason
N3 adverbial naze-ka
なんと
how ~! / would you believe ~!
N3 adverbial nanto
なんとか
somehow / one way or another
N3 adverbial nan-to-ka
ほとんどない
hardly / almost never ~
N3 adverbial hotondo-nai
まさか
surely not / no way
N3 adverbial masaka
まるで
just like (paired with ようだ)
N3 adverbial marude
むしろ
rather / if anything
N3 adverbial mushiro
めったに
rarely / seldom
N3 adverbial metta-ni
もしかしたら
perhaps / maybe
N3 adverbial moshika-shitara
もともとの
original / initial
N3 adverbial motomoto-no
やっと
finally / at last
N3 adverbial yatto
やっぱり
as expected (casual)
N3 adverbial yappari
やはり
as expected / after all
N3 adverbial yahari
やはり / やっぱり
as expected
N3 adverbial yahari-yappari
わざわざ
go out of one's way to ~
N3 adverbial wazawaza
いちどに
all at once
N3 adverbial ichido-ni
いっぱんに
generally / in general
N3 adverbial ippanni
まったく
completely / utterly
N3 adverbial mattaku
まったくない
not at all
N3 adverbial mattaku-nai
ふたたび
again
N3 adverbial futatabi
べつにない
not particularly
N3 adverbial betsu-ni-nai
すこしも
not in the slightest
N3 adverbial sukoshi-mo
すこしも〜ない
not in the least
N3 adverbial sukoshi-mo-nai
いがいと
unexpectedly / surprisingly
N3 adverbial igai-to
すでに
already / by now
N3 adverbial sude-ni
もっとも
most (the superlative)
N3 adverbial mottomo
けっして
never / by no means
N3 adverbial kesshite
ただちに
immediately / at once
N3 adverbial tadachi-ni
たしかに
certainly / indeed
N3 adverbial tashika-ni
けっきょく
in the end / after all
N3 adverbial kekkyoku
けっこう
quite / fine (no thanks)
N3 adverbial kekkou
さあ
well
N3 interjection saa
なるほど
I see / indeed
N3 interjection naruhodo
かんけいがある
to be related to ~
N3 other kankei-ga-aru
になれる
to get used to ~
N3 other ni-nareru
はでゆうめい
~ is famous for ~
N3 other wa-de-yuumei
さゆうする
to influence / determine ~
N3 other sayuu-suru
むき
suited for / facing ~
N3 other muki
むけ
intended for / aimed at ~
N3 other muke
じしん
oneself / itself (emphatic)
N3 other jishin
めん
in terms of ~ / the ~ side
N3 other men
こういった
such
N3 other kou-itta
こうした
such
N3 other kou-shita
となる
to become
N3 other to-naru
いご
after / from then on / hereafter
N3 other igo
いこう
after / from ~ onward
N3 other ikou
なん〜も
as many as ~ / many ~
N3 other nan-mo
はんご
rhetorical question
N3 other rhetorical-question
じぶん
oneself / myself
N3 other jibun
おこなう
to carry out
N3 other okonau
すうりょうは
は after a quantity: at least
N3 particle suuryou-wa
〜か〜かどちらか
either ~ or ~
N3 particle ka-ka-dochiraka
かね
sentence-final 'I wonder / right?'
N3 particle ka-ne
はくらいです
~ is about
N3 particle wa-kurai-desu
までで
up through (a point), and that is the cutoff
N3 particle made-de
てさしあげる
do ~ for someone
N3 auxiliary te-sashiageru
ことなのだ
the fact is that ~
N3 modality koto-nano
てもしかたがない
there's no use ~ing
N3 modality temo-shikata-ga-nai
というのはじじつだ
it is a fact that ~
N3 modality to-iu-no-wa-jijitsu-da
られる
honorific/spontaneous られる: respectful verb form, and spontan
N3 honorific rareru
かはによってちがう
whether ~ varies depending on ~
N3 connective ka-wa-ni-yotte-chigau
あいだは
during the time that ~ / as long as ~
N3 connective aida-wa
うちは
as long as ~
N3 connective uchi-wa
にかわって
instead of / on behalf of
N3 connective ni-kawatte
にかんしては
as for
N3 connective ni-kanshite-wa
のは〜のことだ
what is meant by ~ is
N3 connective no-wa-no-koto-da
ぜんしゃは
the former ~
N3 connective zensha-wa
がち
tend to ~ / be prone to ~
N3 adverbial gachi
あまり
so much/so ~ that
N3 adverbial amari-2
めったにない
seldom ~
N3 adverbial metta-ni-nai
ぜんぶは〜ない
not all ~
N3 adverbial zenbu-wa-nai
またも
again
N3 adverbial mata-mo
のすがた
the figure/form of ~
N3 other no-sugata
ああした
that kind of ~
N3 other aa-shita
ふつうの
ordinary / usual / plain ~
N3 other futsu-no
さいごまで
until the very end
N3 other saigo-made

Practice this grammar in context

Jengo shows these patterns inside real sentences, so they stick as comprehension — not flashcards.

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