Goal route

JLPT N1 Grammar List

The full N1 grammar list — the advanced band. Literary and formal patterns, stiff written connectives and emphatic constructions. Many overlap the Read-novels route; the rest is exam-room formality.

Sitting the JLPT N1 — or gauging where you are against it.

1406
grammar points on this route
1188
with a full written guide
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1 Foundations — the shared spine 61 points
plain non-past copula 'is / are'
N5 copula da
です
polite copula 'is / are'
N5 copula desu
the topic particle (as for ~)
N5 particle wa-2
the linking particle (A の B)
N5 particle no-3
じゃない
is not ~ (casual negative copula)
N5 copula janai
だった
plain past copula 'was / were'
N5 copula datta
the subject particle
N5 particle ga-2
the direct-object particle
N5 particle o
destination, location, and time
N5 particle ni-2
the indirect-object particle
N5 particle ni-3
place of action, means, cause, and scope
N5 particle de
question marker, 'or', and embedded questions
N5 particle ka
the direction particle
N5 particle e
'and' (listing) and 'with'
N5 particle to-2
also / too
N5 particle mo
から
from (starting point)
N5 particle kara-3
まで
until / as far as
N5 particle made
seeking agreement (~, right?)
N5 particle ne
asserting / informing (~, you know)
N5 particle yo
れんようけい
The Masu-Stem (Verb Base)
N5 form masu-stem
ます
Polite Verb Endings (ます・ません・ました)
N5 auxiliary masu-form
てけい
The Connective Form
N5 form te-form
ない
plain negation and 'there isn't'
N5 auxiliary nai
ください
please give me ~
N5 auxiliary kudasai
connecting clauses (and, -ing, so)
N5 connective te
てください
please do ~
N5 auxiliary te-kudasai
ている
ongoing action and resulting state
N5 aspect te-iru
てから
after ~ing
N5 connective te-kara
てもいい
may ~ / it's okay to ~
N5 modality te-mo-ii
てはいけない
must not ~
N5 modality te-wa-ikenai
てしまう
completion and regret
N4 aspect te-shimau
てみる
try ~ing (and see)
N4 auxiliary te-miru
あげる
to give (outward)
N5 other ageru
くれる
to give (to me)
N5 other kureru
てあげる
do ~ for someone (favor)
N4 auxiliary ageru-2
てくれる
(someone) does ~ for me
N4 auxiliary kureru-2
てもらう
have someone do ~ for you
N4 auxiliary morau
たい
want to ~
N5 modality tai
ほしい
want (a thing / someone to do)
N5 modality hoshii
だろう
probably ~ (conjecture)
N5 modality darou
でしょう
probably ~ / ~, right? (polite)
N5 modality deshou
かもしれない
might / maybe ~
N4 modality kamoshirenai
はず
should / be supposed to ~
N4 modality hazu
natural / inevitable result
N4 conditional to-conditional
たら
the general 'if / when'
N4 conditional tara
hypothetical / general condition
N4 conditional ba
なら
if it's the case that ~
N4 conditional nara
から
because (reason)
N5 connective kara
ので
because (objective / polite)
N5 connective node
けど
but / though (casual)
N5 connective kedo
but / however (conjunctive)
N4 connective ga-3
のに
although ~ (and yet)
N4 connective noni
ながら
while ~ing
N4 connective nagara
とき
when ~ (at the time that)
N5 connective toki
まえに
before ~ing
N5 connective mae-ni
あと(で)
after ~ing
N4 connective ato-de
こと
turning a clause into a noun
N4 nominalizer koto
のがすき
to like ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-suki
のほうが
~ is more / the better one
N5 connective no-hou-ga
よりのほうが
A is more ~ than B
N5 particle yori-no-hou-ga
いちばん
most (the superlative)
N5 adverbial ichiban
2 JLPT N5 75 points
からまで
from ~ to ~
N5 particle kara-made
だけ
only / just ~
N5 particle dake
〜は〜が
topic は, subject が within it
N5 particle wa-ga
へいく
to go to ~
N5 particle he-iku
しか
only
N5 particle shika
every role of the particle に
N5 particle ni
marking a point in time
N5 particle ni-5
じゃなかった
was not ~ (casual past negative copula)
N5 copula janakatta
〜は〜だ
topic-comment: X は Y だ
N5 copula wa-da
〜は〜です
topic-comment, polite: X は Y です
N5 copula wa-desu
te-form of だ/です: 'being ~, and ...'
N5 copula de-3
まだていません
have not ~ yet
N5 aspect mada-te-imasen
ないでください
please do not ~
N5 auxiliary nai-de-kudasai
がほしい
to want (a thing)
N5 modality ga-hoshii
たほうがいい
had better ~ / should ~
N5 modality ta-hou-ga-ii
ないほうがいい
had better not ~
N5 modality nai-hou-ga-ii
なくてもいい
don't have to ~
N5 modality naku-temo-ii
ましょうか
shall I ~? / shall we ~?
N5 modality mashou-ka
ませんか
won't you ~? (invitation)
N5 modality masen-ka
てはいけません
must not ~ (polite)
N5 modality te-wa-ikemasen
なくてはいけない
must ~
N5 modality nakute-wa-ikenai
なくてはならない
must ~
N5 modality nakute-wa-naranai
のです
explanatory のだ (polite / written)
N5 modality no-desu
ましょう
let's ~ (polite volitional)
N5 modality mashou
んです
explanatory のだ (polite spoken)
N5 modality n-desu
quotative と
N5 quotation to-quotative
くて
te-form of an i-adjective: is ~ and
N5 connective kute
にいく
go to do ~ (purpose)
N5 connective ni-iku
そして
and / and then
N5 connective soshite
それから
and then
N5 connective sore-kara
また
again
N5 connective mata
すぐ
immediately
N5 adverbial sugu
とても
very (affirmative)
N5 adverbial totemo
まだ
still
N5 adverbial mada
もう
already
N5 adverbial mou
もっと
more
N5 adverbial motto
いっしょに
together
N5 adverbial issho-ni
があります
there is ~ (polite)
N5 other ga-arimasu
がある
there is ~ (inanimate)
N5 other ga-aru
がいる
there is ~ (animate)
N5 other ga-iru
になる
to become ~
N5 other ni-naru
ある
to exist (inanimate)
N5 other aru
いる
to exist (animate)
N5 other iru-3
この
adnominal demonstrative: this ~
N5 other kono
さん
polite title suffix
N5 other san
なる
to become
N5 other naru
くる
to come (irregular verb)
N5 other kuru
sentence-final の: explanatory tone or soft question
N5 particle no-2
のなかでがいちばん
among ~, ~ is the most ~
N5 particle no-naka-de-ga-ichiban
particle か: 'or'
N5 particle ka-2
なにかなにも
something / anything / nothing
N5 particle nani-ka-nani-mo
particle に marking the agent/source
N5 particle ni-4
よね
~ right?
N5 particle yo-ne
だれかどこか
someone / no one, somewhere / nowhere
N5 particle dareka-dokoka
たことがある
have done ~ before
N5 aspect koto-ga-aru
すぎる
too much / excessively ~
N5 auxiliary sugiru
ちゃいけない
must not ~
N5 modality cha-ikenai
なくちゃ
gotta ~
N5 modality naku-cha
のがじょうず
to be good at ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-jouzu
のがへた
to be bad at ~ing
N5 nominalizer no-ga-heta
あまり
not very ~
N5 adverbial amari
たくさん
a lot / many
N5 adverbial takusan
どう
how / in what way
N5 adverbial dou
どうして
why
N5 adverbial doushite
どうやって
how / by what means
N5 adverbial douyatte
どうぞ
please / go ahead / by all means
N5 interjection douzo
ちゃん
affectionate name suffix 〜ちゃん
N5 other chan
たち
plural suffix for people
N5 other tachi
どんな
what kind of ~
N5 other donna
をつかって
using
N5 other o-tsukatte
まえ
front / before (noun)
N5 other mae
すきだ
to like
N5 other sukida
すくない
few / not much
N5 other sukunai
しる
to know
N5 other shiru
いる
to need
N5 other iru-4
3 JLPT N4 231 points
かどうか
whether (or not)
N4 particle ka-dou-ka
〜たり〜たり
do such things as ~ and ~
N4 particle tari-tari
〜たり〜たりする
do things like ~ and ~ (full pattern)
N4 particle tari-tari-suru
より
than / from
N4 particle yori
でも
even ~ / ~ or something
N4 particle de-mo
までに
by (a deadline)
N4 particle made-ni
〜ようとする
try to ~ / be about to ~
N4 aspect you-to-suru
〜ようにする
make an effort to ~
N4 aspect youni-suru
〜ようになる
come to ~ / reach the point where ~
N4 aspect youni-naru
しまう
to put away / finish
N4 aspect shimau
なければ
if not ~
N4 conditional nakereba
やすい
easy to ~
N4 auxiliary yasui
いただく
receive (humble)
N4 auxiliary itadaku
〜ようとおもう
be thinking of ~ing / intend to ~
N4 modality you-to-omou
ほうがいい
~ is better / it'd be better to ~
N4 modality hou-ga-ii
ことができる
can / be able to ~
N4 modality koto-ga-dekiru
つもり
intend to ~
N4 modality tsumori
ないといけない
must ~
N4 modality nai-to-ikenai
なければいけない
must ~
N4 modality nakereba-ikenai
なければならない
must ~ / have to ~
N4 modality nakereba-naranai
のだ
explanatory のだ / んだ
N4 modality no-da
ようだ
it seems / looks like ~
N4 modality youda
とおもう
to think that ~
N4 quotation to-omou
という
called ~ / the ~ that
N4 quotation to-iu
かた
way / manner of doing ~
N4 nominalizer kata
られる
passive られる: the subject is acted upon
N4 passive rareru-2
あとで
after ~
N4 connective ato-de-2
ても
even if ~ / even though ~
N4 connective te-mo
ばあい
in the case of ~ / if ~
N4 connective baai
しかし
however / but
N4 connective shikashi
だから
so / therefore
N4 connective dakara
ないで
without ~ing / don't ~
N4 connective nai-de
なくて
not ~ and / because not ~
N4 connective nakute
のために
for the sake of / because of
N4 connective no-tame-ni
ように
like ~ / so that ~
N4 connective youni
ぜんぜん
(not) at all (with negative)
N4 adverbial zenzen
ごろ
around / about (a point in time)
N4 other goro
こんな
adnominal demonstrative: this kind of
N4 other konna
にする
decide on ~ / make it ~
N4 other ni-suru
れんたいしゅうしょくせつ
noun-modifying (relative) clause
N4 other relative-clause
〜か〜か
whether ~ or ~
N4 particle ka-ka
かな
sentence-final 'I wonder / I hope ~'
N4 particle kana
からつくる
made from ~ (raw material whose form changes)
N4 particle kara-tsukuru
ずつ
~ each
N4 particle zutsu
でできる
made of ~ (material)
N4 particle de-dekiru
とと、どちらが
between ~ and ~, which is more ~?
N4 particle to-to-dochira-ga
とかとか
things like ~ and ~
N4 particle toka-toka
のなかで
among / of all ~
N4 particle no-naka-de
も〜も
both ~ and ~ / neither ~ nor ~
N4 particle mo-mo
いがい
other than ~
N4 particle igai
ほうが
the ~ one / the ~ side (selecting an option)
N4 particle hou-ga
かしら
sentence-final 'I wonder ~'
N4 particle kashira
とか
things like ~ (casual examples)
N4 particle toka
sentence-final な expressing emotion or seeking agreement
N4 particle na-2
なあ
sentence-final particle of emotion/admiration/wishing
N4 particle naa
など
and so on / etc.
N4 particle nado
particle も: even ~
N4 particle mo-2
listing nouns non-exhaustively ('and, among others')
N4 particle ya
particle を marking the space/path traversed
N4 particle o-2
particle を marking the point of departure/separation
N4 particle o-3
まえから
from before / for a while now
N4 particle mae-kara
でございます
to be ~
N4 copula de-gozaimasu
はのひとつだ
~ is one of the ~
N4 copula wa-no-hitotsu-da
たところ
just (finished) ~ing
N4 aspect ta-tokoro
たばかり
just ~ed
N4 aspect ta-bakari
ていく
(aspect) to go on doing
N4 aspect iku
ていた
was ~ing
N4 aspect te-ita
ているところ
in the middle of ~ing
N4 aspect teiru-tokoro
てくる
(aspect) begin to ~
N4 aspect kuru-2
とく
colloquial contraction of 〜ておく
N4 aspect toku
るところだ
about to ~
N4 aspect ru-tokoro-da
だす
suddenly start ~ing / burst into ~ing
N4 aspect dasu
はじめる
begin to ~ / start ~ing
N4 aspect hajimeru
つづける
continue ~ing
N4 aspect tsuzukeru
てある
(something) has been done and remains so
N4 aspect te-aru
ておく
do ~ in advance / in preparation
N4 aspect te-oku
なくなる
come to no longer ~
N4 aspect naku-naru
おわる
finish (doing)
N4 aspect owaru
なかったら
if there is no ~
N4 conditional nakattara
のなら
if ~ (given what you say)
N4 conditional no-nara
がる
show signs of / outwardly display a feeling
N4 auxiliary garu
くする
to make (something) ~
N4 auxiliary ku-suru
させてください
please let me ~
N4 auxiliary sasete-kudasai
たがる
to show signs of wanting to ~
N4 auxiliary tagaru
ちまう
colloquial/rough 〜てしまう: end up ~ing / do completely
N4 auxiliary chimau
ちゃう
colloquial 〜てしまう: do completely / end up ~ing
N4 auxiliary chau
ていただけませんか
could you please ~?
N4 auxiliary te-itadakemasen-ka
てくれない
won't you ~? / can I get you to ~? (request)
N4 auxiliary te-kurenai
てやる
(casual benefactive) do something for someone (inferior/inti
N4 auxiliary yaru
かする
to turn into ~ / -ize
N4 auxiliary ka-suru
ございます
there is
N4 auxiliary gozaimasu
ていただく
have someone do ~
N4 auxiliary te-itadaku
てくださる
someone kindly does ~ for me
N4 auxiliary te-kudasaru
にくい
hard to ~
N4 auxiliary nikui
のような
like
N4 auxiliary no-youna
まっ
completely / deep ~
N4 auxiliary ma-prefix
がひつよう
~ is necessary
N4 modality ga-hitsuyou
がみられる
~ can be seen / observed
N4 modality ga-mirareru
ことがある
there are times when ~
N4 modality koto-ga-aru-2
じゃないか
isn't it ~?
N4 modality janai-ka
そうだ
looks like ~
N4 modality souda-2
そうに
looking ~
N4 modality sou-ni
たらいいですか
what should I ~?
N4 modality tara-ii-desu-ka
たらどう
why don't you ~?
N4 modality tara-dou
ではないか
isn't it ~?
N4 modality dewa-nai-ka
といい
it'd be nice if ~ / I hope ~
N4 modality to-ii
とされている
it is said / regarded as ~
N4 modality to-sarete-iru
とかんがえられている
it is thought / considered that ~
N4 modality to-kangaerarete-iru
といってもいい
you could say that ~
N4 modality to-ittemo-ii
といわれている
it is said that ~
N4 modality to-iwarete-iru
ないと
have to ~
N4 modality naito
にみえる
to look ~
N4 modality ni-mieru
のだろうか
I wonder if ~
N4 modality no-darou-ka
はずがない
there is no way that ~
N4 modality hazu-ga-nai
はずだ
it should be ~
N4 modality hazu-da
ばよかった
should have ~ / I wish I had ~
N4 modality ba-yokatta
みたい
like ~
N4 modality mitai
みたいに
like ~
N4 modality mitai-ni
〜ような / よな
like ~ / such as ~
N4 modality yona
ようにてほしい
to want (someone to)
N4 modality you-ni-te-hoshii
られる
potential られる: can / be able to
N4 modality rareru-3
よていだ
to plan to ~
N4 modality yotei-da
ひつようがある
there is a need to ~
N4 modality hitsuyou-ga-aru
いい
good / fine
N4 modality ii
ことにする
decide to ~
N4 modality koto-ni-suru
ことになる
it comes to be that ~
N4 modality koto-ni-naru
ことにきめる
decide to ~
N4 modality koto-ni-kimeru
たらどうですか
how about ~ing?
N4 modality tara-do-desuka
だろ
casual contraction of だろう: 'probably ~' / 'right?'
N4 modality daro
てほしい
want someone to ~
N4 modality te-hoshii
てもらいたい
want someone to ~
N4 modality te-moraitai
てよかった
I'm glad that ~
N4 modality te-yokatta
なくては
must ~
N4 modality nakute-wa
なさい
soft imperative: do ~
N4 modality nasai
みたいだ
looks like
N4 modality mitaida
らしい
seems / typical of
N4 modality rashii
られない
cannot ~
N4 modality rarenai
きこえる
be audible / can be heard (spontaneous)
N4 modality kikoeru
ときいた
I heard that ~
N4 quotation to-kiita
そうだ
I hear that
N4 quotation souda
ということ
the fact/idea that ~
N4 nominalizer to-iu-koto
の pronoun: 'one' — stands in for a noun
N4 nominalizer no
nominalizing suffix (degree: 高さ)
N4 nominalizer sa
ところ
point / moment / aspect (nominalizer)
N4 nominalizer tokoro
のこと
about
N4 nominalizer no-koto
のは〜だ
cleft sentence: 'the one who/that ... is ~'
N4 nominalizer no-wa-da
もの
nominalizer for a concrete/tangible thing
N4 nominalizer mono
させる
make/let
N4 causative saseru
せる
causative auxiliary (make/let someone do) for 五段 verbs
N4 causative seru
れる
passive/potential/spontaneous/honorific auxiliary
N4 passive reru
みられる
can see / be seen (potential-passive of 見る)
N4 passive mirareru
いたします
to do
N4 honorific itashimasu
いたす
to do
N4 honorific itasu
いらっしゃる
to be / come / go
N4 honorific irassharu
お〜ください
please do ~
N4 honorific o-vmasu-kudasai
お〜する
humble form: I humbly do ~ for you
N4 honorific o-suru-2
お〜になる
honorific form of a verb
N4 honorific o-ni-naru
くださる
honorific of くれる: (a superior) gives to me/us
N4 honorific kudasaru
なさる
to do
N4 honorific nasaru
しし
~ and ~ (listing reasons/qualities)
N4 connective shi-shi
だけで
just by ~ / with only ~
N4 connective dake-de
ているあいだに
while ~ing
N4 connective te-iru-aida-ni
てくれてありがとう
thank you for ~ing
N4 connective te-kurete-arigatou
てすみません
I'm sorry for ~ing / thanks for ~ing
N4 connective te-sumimasen
ようにいのる
to pray / hope that ~
N4 connective you-ni-inoru
んだけど
~, but / softening preface
N4 connective ndakedo
ばあいは
in the case of ~
N4 connective baai-wa
あいだ(に)
while / during ~ (at some point within a span)
N4 connective aida-ni
うちに
while ~ (before it changes)
N4 connective uchi-ni
けれど
but / however / although
N4 connective keredo
and (what's more) / listing reasons
N4 connective shi
それで
and so
N4 connective sore-de
それでは
well then
N4 connective sore-de-wa
それでも
even so
N4 connective sore-demo
それなら
if that's the case
N4 connective sore-nara
だけど
but / however
N4 connective dakedo
といっしょに
together with
N4 connective to-issho-ni
なくても
even if not ~
N4 connective nakute-mo
については
as for
N4 connective ni-tsuite-wa
のばあい(は)
in the case of
N4 connective no-baai-wa
あんまり
colloquial あまり: '(not) very'
N4 adverbial anmari
いかが
how / how about ~?
N4 adverbial ikaga
いくら
how much / how many
N4 adverbial ikura
いつでも
always / any time / whenever
N4 adverbial itsu-de-mo
きっと
surely / no doubt
N4 adverbial kitto
さっき
a little while ago
N4 adverbial sakki
ずっと
the whole time / by far
N4 adverbial zutto
そんなに
that much / so ~
N4 adverbial sonna-ni
だんだん
gradually
N4 adverbial dandan
どんどん
rapidly / steadily
N4 adverbial dondon
なかなかない
not easily ~
N4 adverbial nakanaka-nai
なるべく
as much as possible
N4 adverbial naru-beku
ほかにも
besides
N4 adverbial hoka-ni-mo
ほとんど
almost / mostly
N4 adverbial hotondo
もうすぐ
soon
N4 adverbial mo-sugu
もし(も)
if
N4 adverbial moshi-mo
いちど
once / one time
N4 adverbial ichido
なにもない
nothing / not anything
N4 adverbial nani-mo-nai
ぜんぜん〜ない
not at all ~
N4 adverbial zenzen-nai
たいへん
very / tough
N4 adverbial taihen
かならず
without fail / always
N4 adverbial kanarazu
ほんとうに
really / truly
N4 adverbial hontou-ni
ひじょうに
extremely / very
N4 adverbial hijouni
おい
hey!
N4 interjection oi
てね
(do) ~, okay? (soft request / reminder)
N4 interjection te-ne
がする
a sound / smell / taste / feeling occurs
N4 other ga-suru
にきがつく
to notice ~
N4 other ni-ki-ga-tsuku
がた
polite pluralizing suffix for people
N4 other gata
ordinal suffix (三番目 'the third')
N4 other me
かん
for a period of ~ (duration suffix)
N4 other kan
こういう
such
N4 other kou-iu
このような
such
N4 other kono-youna
さしあげる
to give (humble, to a superior)
N4 other sashiageru
そういう
that kind of ~
N4 other sou-iu
どのような
what kind of ~
N4 other dono-youna
まま
as it is
N4 other mama
ままで
in the state of ~
N4 other mama-de
やる
to do (casual = する)
N4 other yaru-3
pluralizing/approximating suffix for people
N4 other ra
なんでも
anything / everything
N4 other nandemo
くん
familiar address suffix for juniors and peers
N4 other kun
めいれいけい
the imperative
N4 other imperative
すくなくない
not few / quite a few
N4 other sukunakunai
さま
honorific title suffix (Mr/Ms, very polite)
N4 other sama
じどうしたどうし
intransitive vs transitive verb pairs
N4 other jidoushi-tadoushi
みえる
be visible
N4 other mieru
かい
casual sentence-final question particle
N4 particle kai
だら
colloquial conditional 'if it is ~'
N4 conditional dara
ないはない
there is no ~ that doesn't ~
N4 modality nai-wa-nai
きける
can hear / can ask (potential of 聞く)
N4 modality kikeru
(unclear) a 〜のように likeness frame
N4 modality mai-no-you-ni
4 JLPT N3 334 points
ほど
extent / degree
N3 particle hodo
について
about / concerning
N3 particle ni-tsuite
ために
in order to (purpose)
N3 connective tame-ni
ぜったいに
absolutely
N3 adverbial zettai-ni
かなにか
~ or something
N3 particle ka-nani-ka
きり
only ~ / and that was the last ~
N3 particle kiri
だけしか
only ~
N3 particle dake-shika
だらけ
covered in ~ / full of ~
N3 particle darake
って
casual って: quotative
N3 particle tte
〜でも〜でも
whether ~ or ~
N3 particle demo-demo
ばかり
only / nothing but ~
N3 particle bakari
ほか
other than / besides ~ (〜のほか)
N3 particle hoka
ちゅう(に)/じゅう(に)
during ~ / within ~ / in the middle of ~
N3 particle chu-ni
いがいは
other than ~ / except ~
N3 particle igai-wa
いらい
since / ever since ~
N3 particle irai
くらい
approximately
N3 particle kurai
こそ
precisely / it is exactly ~ that
N3 particle koso
さえ
even
N3 particle sae
forceful assertion
N3 particle zo
だい
casual masculine question marker (on wh-questions)
N3 particle dai
だって
even ~
N3 particle datte-2
っけ
...was it? / ...again? (recalling)
N3 particle kke
でさえ
even ~
N3 particle de-sae
では
contrastive topic 'as for / when it comes to ~'
N3 particle de-wa
として
as
N3 particle to-shite
としては
as for / for
N3 particle to-shite-wa
などと
(saying / thinking) things like ~
N3 particle nado-to
などの
(kinds of) ~ such as
N3 particle nado-no
なんか
things like / (dismissively) ~ of all things
N3 particle nanka
なんて
things like ~ / the idea of ~ (citing dismissively)
N3 particle nante
にかけて
over/through (a span: から〜にかけて)
N3 particle ni-kakete
にとって
for / to (from someone's standpoint)
N3 particle ni-totte
には
in order to (purpose)
N3 particle ni-wa
によって
by means of / by / depending on
N3 particle ni-yotte
による
due to / depending on ~
N3 particle ni-yoru
にたいして
toward
N3 particle ni-taishite
にかんして
regarding
N3 particle ni-kanshite
contrastive and emphatic は
N3 particle wa
もん
colloquial もの: a reason or excuse with a touch of defiance
N3 particle mon
でもある
is also ~
N3 copula de-mo-aru
である
formal/written copula 'to be'
N3 copula de-aru
かける
to be half-way ~ing / on the verge of ~
N3 aspect kakeru
てばかりいる
to do nothing but ~
N3 aspect te-bakari-iru
ところだ
(aspect) at the point of: about to ~ / in the middle of ~ / just did
N3 aspect tokoro-da
ところだった
was just about to ~
N3 aspect tokoro-datta
はとなっている
~ has become ~
N3 aspect wa-to-natte-iru
いっぽうだ
keeps getting more and more ~
N3 aspect ippou-da
ことにしている
make a habit of ~ing
N3 aspect koto-ni-shite-iru
っぱなし
leave ~ (in a state)
N3 aspect ppanashi
がなければ
if there is no ~ / without ~
N3 conditional ga-nakereba
さえば
if only ~
N3 conditional sae-ba
てからでないと
unless you first ~
N3 conditional te-kara-de-nai-to
でないと
if it isn't ~ / unless ~
N3 conditional de-nai-to
でなかったら
if it is not ~
N3 conditional de-nakattara
でなくては
unless it is ~ / it must be ~
N3 conditional de-nakute-wa
でなければ
if it is not ~ / unless it is ~
N3 conditional de-nakereba
でよければ
if ~ is OK (with you)
N3 conditional de-yokereba
ばのに
if only ~
N3 conditional ba-noni
ばほど
the more ~, the more ~
N3 conditional ba-hodo
いくら〜ても
no matter how (much) ~
N3 conditional ikura-temo
たって
even if ~
N3 conditional tatte
できれば
if possible
N3 conditional dekireba
もしもたら
if (were to happen)
N3 conditional moshimo-tara
もしもなら
if (it's the case that)
N3 conditional moshimo-nara
づらい
hard to ~
N3 auxiliary zurai
てごらん
try ~ing
N3 auxiliary te-goran
あがる
to finish ~ing completely
N3 auxiliary agaru-ageru
きる
to do ~ completely / all the way to the end
N3 auxiliary kiru
きれない
cannot finish ~ing / too many to ~
N3 auxiliary kirenai
あう
to do ~ to each other
N3 auxiliary au
てき
-ic / -al
N3 auxiliary teki
なおす
to re-do
N3 auxiliary naosu
こむ
to do ~ thoroughly / repeatedly, or to move ~ inward
N3 auxiliary komu
とおす
to do ~ all the way through
N3 auxiliary toosu
てやる
do ~ for (an inferior/animal)
N3 auxiliary te-yaru
ことだ
should ~ (advice)
N3 modality koto-da
そうにない
very unlikely to ~
N3 modality sou-ni-nai
たものだ
used to ~
N3 modality ta-mono-da
だけだ
it's only ~ / simply ~
N3 modality dake-da
つもりだった
had intended to ~ (but didn't)
N3 modality tsumori-datta
つもりで
with the intention of ~
N3 modality tsumori-de
ているばあいじゃない
this is no time to be ~ing
N3 modality teiru-baai-janai
てもかまわない
it's okay if ~
N3 modality temo-kamawanai
てもはじまらない
it's no use ~ing
N3 modality temo-hajimaranai
てすむ
can settle/manage by just ~ing
N3 modality te-sumu
とする
to assume / regard as ~
N3 modality to-suru
とみえる
it seems that ~ (judging from evidence)
N3 modality to-mieru
といえる
one can say that ~
N3 modality to-ieru
negative command 'don't ~'
N3 modality na-prohibitive
ないことはない
it's not that one can't ~
N3 modality nai-koto-wa-nai
にかぎる
nothing beats ~
N3 modality ni-kagiru
のでしょうか
is it that ~?
N3 modality no-deshou-ka
ばいい
you should ~ / it'd be good to ~
N3 modality ba-ii
ふりをする
to pretend to ~
N3 modality furi-o-suru
べきだ
should ~ / ought to ~
N3 modality beki-da
べきではない
should not ~
N3 modality beki-de-wa-nai
ようとしない
won't even try to ~
N3 modality you-to-shinai
ようなきがする
to have a feeling that ~
N3 modality you-na-ki-ga-suru
わけがない
there is no way ~
N3 modality wake-ga-nai
かのうせいがある
there is a possibility that ~
N3 modality kanousei-ga-aru
ひつようはない
there is no need to ~
N3 modality hitsuyo-wa-nai
がたい
hard to ~ / difficult to bring oneself to ~
N3 modality gatai
ことになっている
it is the rule that ~
N3 modality koto-ni-natte-iru
ことはない
there is no need to ~
N3 modality koto-wa-nai
しかない
have no choice but to / there's only ~
N3 modality shika-nai
そうになる
almost ~ / was about to ~
N3 modality sou-ni-naru
たまらない
can't stand it / unbearable
N3 modality tamaranai
たらいいか
what should I ~?
N3 modality tara-ii-ka
だろうか
I wonder if ~ / perhaps ~
N3 modality darou-ka
てしかたがない
can't help (feeling) ~
N3 modality te-shikata-ga-nai
てたまらない
unbearably ~
N3 modality te-tamaranai
とはかぎらない
not necessarily ~
N3 modality to-wa-kagiranai
ないようにしてください
please make sure not to ~
N3 modality nai-youni-shite-kudasai
ならない
the bound element in 〜てならない and obligation patterns
N3 modality naranai
なんて
how ~! / what (a) ~! (exclamatory)
N3 modality nante-2
にちがいない
must be / I'm sure ~
N3 modality ni-chigainai
まるでようだ
just like ~
N3 modality marude-you-da
ものだ
general truth / the way things ought to be
N3 modality mono-da
わけだ
that means ~ / no wonder
N3 modality wake-da
わけではない
it's not that ~
N3 modality wake-de-wa-nai
わけにはいかない
cannot (afford to) ~
N3 modality wake-ni-wa-ikanai
しかたがない
it can't be helped / there's no use
N3 modality shikata-ga-nai
あたりまえだ
it's only natural / obvious
N3 modality atarimae-da
かんがえられない
unthinkable / inconceivable
N3 modality kangaerarenai
ということだ
it means that ~
N3 quotation to-iu-koto-da
〜ようにいう
tell someone to ~
N3 quotation youni-iu
んだって
I hear that ~
N3 quotation ndatte
-ness (quality nominalizing suffix)
N3 nominalizer mi
とおり(に)
just as ~
N3 nominalizer toori-ni
れんようけいのめいしようほう
using a verb's masu-stem as a noun: 動く→動き 'movement', 遊ぶ→遊び
N3 nominalizer masu-stem-noun
させられる
be made/forced to do
N3 causative saserareru
おする
humble お/ご + verb-stem + する: humbly do
N3 honorific o-suru
おかげで
thanks to ~
N3 connective okage-de
かないか
whether or not ~
N3 connective ka-nai-ka
からだ
it is because ~
N3 connective kara-da
からいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 connective kara-iu-to
〜ずに
without ~ing
N3 connective zu-ni
せいで
because of ~ (and something bad resulted)
N3 connective sei-de
たとたん
the instant ~ / the moment ~
N3 connective ta-totan
だけでなく
not only ~
N3 connective dake-de-wa-naku
だけでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective dake-de-wa-naku-2
だけでも
even just ~ / at least ~
N3 connective dake-demo
てはいけないから
because you must not ~ (so...)
N3 connective te-wa-ikenai-kara
てもなくても
whether or not ~
N3 connective temo-nakutemo
ではなくて
not ~ (but rather)
N3 connective dewa-nakute
でいうと
speaking in terms of ~
N3 connective de-iu-to
というりゆうで
for the reason that ~
N3 connective to-iu-riyuu-de
とおなじで
the same as ~
N3 connective to-onaji-de
といっても
even though I say ~
N3 connective to-ittemo
ないうちに
before ~ (happens)
N3 connective nai-uchi-ni
なく
without ~ / not ~ (adverbial negative)
N3 connective naku
にあわせて
in accordance with / to match ~
N3 connective ni-awasete
にあたる
to correspond to / be equivalent to ~
N3 connective ni-ataru
にくらべて
compared to ~
N3 connective ni-kurabete
のに
for (the purpose of) doing ~
N3 connective noni-2
のあいだに
while ~
N3 connective no-aida-ni
はいうまでもない
it goes without saying that ~
N3 connective wa-iu-made-mo-nai
ばかりで
only ~
N3 connective bakari-de
ばかりでなく
not only ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku
ばかりでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-2
ばかりでなく
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-3
〜ばかりでなく〜(も)
not only ~ but also ~
N3 connective bakari-de-wa-naku-4
ほどない
not as ~ as
N3 connective hodo-nai
も〜ば〜も
both ~ and ~
N3 connective mo-ba-mo
をこめて
filled with ~
N3 connective o-komete
かわりに
instead of ~ / in exchange for ~
N3 connective kawari-ni
さいちゅうに
right in the middle of ~
N3 connective saichuu-ni
とちゅうで
on the way
N3 connective tochuu-de
あと
besides / and also (afterthought)
N3 connective ato
いくらでも
no matter how much / いくらでも any amount
N3 connective ikura-demo
おかげ
thanks to / owing to (a good outcome)
N3 connective okage
くせに
even though
N3 connective kuse-ni
ことから
from the fact that ~
N3 connective koto-kara
ことで
by ~ing
N3 connective koto-de
ことにより/によって
by means of ~ing
N3 connective koto-ni-yori-yotte
ことは
admittedly ~, but ~
N3 connective koto-wa
さて
well then
N3 connective sate
すると
thereupon / and then
N3 connective suru-to
せい
the fault / cause of (something bad)
N3 connective sei
そうすると
if that's the case / and then
N3 connective sou-suru-to
そうですが
that may be so, but ~
N3 connective so-desu-ga
そこで
and so
N3 connective soko-de
そのため
therefore / for that reason
N3 connective sono-tame
そのために
for that purpose / to that end
N3 connective sono-tame-ni
そのけっか
as a result
N3 connective sono-kekka
それと
and
N3 connective sore-to
それとも
or
N3 connective soretomo
それに
besides
N3 connective sore-ni
ただ
only / but
N3 connective tada
たとえても
even if ~
N3 connective tatoe-temo
ためだ
it is because / it is for ~
N3 connective tame-da
たらすぐ
as soon as ~
N3 connective tara-sugu
たらすぐに
as soon as ~
N3 connective tara-sugu-2
だが
but / however
N3 connective daga
だって
because
N3 connective datte
ついでに
while at it
N3 connective tsuide-ni
つまり
in other words
N3 connective tsumari
というと
speaking of ~
N3 connective to-iu-to
というのは
the reason is that ~
N3 connective to-iu-no-wa
というふうに
in such a way that
N3 connective to-iu-fu-ni
というより
rather than ~
N3 connective to-iu-yori
といえば
speaking of ~
N3 connective to-ieba
ときには
at times
N3 connective toki-ni-wa
ところが
however
N3 connective tokoro-ga
ところで
by the way (topic shift)
N3 connective tokoro-de
とすぐに
as soon as ~
N3 connective to-sugu-ni
とすると
assuming that
N3 connective to-suru-to
とおなじくらい
about the same as ~
N3 connective to-onaji-kurai
どんなにても
no matter how
N3 connective donna-ni-temo
ながら(も)
although / even while
N3 connective nagara-mo
なしで
without ~
N3 connective nashi-de
なぜなら
the reason is (because) ~
N3 connective nazenara
なぜなら(ば)〜からだ
the reason is, it's because ~
N3 connective naze-nara-ba-kara-da
にしては
for / considering
N3 connective ni-shite-wa
にしても
even if / even granting that
N3 connective ni-shite-mo
につれて
as
N3 connective ni-tsurete
になると
when it becomes / when it comes to ~
N3 connective ni-naru-to
によると
according to
N3 connective ni-yoru-to
によれば
according to ~
N3 connective ni-yoreba
にたいする
toward
N3 connective ni-taishite-2
にくらべると
compared to ~ (when you compare)
N3 connective ni-kuraberu-to
にかんする
concerning
N3 connective ni-kanshite-2
のだから
because (as you know) ~
N3 connective no-da-kara
のかわりに
instead of ~ / in place of ~ / in exchange for ~
N3 connective no-kawari-ni
または
or
N3 connective mata-wa
をはじめ(として)
starting with
N3 connective o-hajime-to-shite
たとえば
for example
N3 connective tatoeba
わりに(は)
considering ~
N3 connective wari-ni-wa
たびに
every time
N3 connective tabi-ni
たしかに〜が
admittedly ~ but
N3 connective tashika-ni-ga
とたん(に)
the moment that ~
N3 connective totan-ni
ごとに
each / every ~
N3 adverbial goto-ni
ぶりに
for the first time in (a period)
N3 adverbial buri-ni
ぎみ
-ish / a touch of / showing signs of ~
N3 adverbial gimi
あまりにも
far too ~
N3 adverbial amari-ni-mo
おきに
at intervals of
N3 adverbial oki-ni
かなり
quite / considerably
N3 adverbial kanari
さっぱり
not at all / no idea
N3 adverbial sappari
しばらく
for a while
N3 adverbial shibaraku
せいぜい
at most
N3 adverbial seizei
せっかく
with effort / a precious chance
N3 adverbial sekkaku
せめて
at least (if only)
N3 adverbial semete
それぞれ
each
N3 adverbial sorezore
それだけ
that much
N3 adverbial sore-dake
たった
only / just (emphasising how small)
N3 adverbial tatta
たまには
once in a while
N3 adverbial tama-ni-wa
だいたい
roughly / mostly
N3 adverbial daitai
ちっとも
not at all
N3 adverbial chittomo
ちゃんと
properly
N3 adverbial chanto
っぽい
-ish / has the quality of ~
N3 adverbial ppoi
つい
unintentionally
N3 adverbial tsui
とうとう
finally / in the end
N3 adverbial toutou
とても〜ない
cannot possibly ~
N3 adverbial totemo-nai
とにかく
anyway / in any case
N3 adverbial tonikaku
どうか
please
N3 adverbial dou-ka
どうしても
no matter what
N3 adverbial doushitemo
どんなに
(no matter) how much / however ~
N3 adverbial donnani
なかなか
quite / impressively
N3 adverbial nakanaka
なぜか
for some reason
N3 adverbial naze-ka
なんと
how ~! / would you believe ~!
N3 adverbial nanto
なんとか
somehow / one way or another
N3 adverbial nan-to-ka
ほとんどない
hardly / almost never ~
N3 adverbial hotondo-nai
まさか
surely not / no way
N3 adverbial masaka
まるで
just like (paired with ようだ)
N3 adverbial marude
むしろ
rather / if anything
N3 adverbial mushiro
めったに
rarely / seldom
N3 adverbial metta-ni
もしかしたら
perhaps / maybe
N3 adverbial moshika-shitara
もともとの
original / initial
N3 adverbial motomoto-no
やっと
finally / at last
N3 adverbial yatto
やっぱり
as expected (casual)
N3 adverbial yappari
やはり
as expected / after all
N3 adverbial yahari
やはり / やっぱり
as expected
N3 adverbial yahari-yappari
わざわざ
go out of one's way to ~
N3 adverbial wazawaza
いちどに
all at once
N3 adverbial ichido-ni
いっぱんに
generally / in general
N3 adverbial ippanni
まったく
completely / utterly
N3 adverbial mattaku
まったくない
not at all
N3 adverbial mattaku-nai
ふたたび
again
N3 adverbial futatabi
べつにない
not particularly
N3 adverbial betsu-ni-nai
すこしも
not in the slightest
N3 adverbial sukoshi-mo
すこしも〜ない
not in the least
N3 adverbial sukoshi-mo-nai
いがいと
unexpectedly / surprisingly
N3 adverbial igai-to
すでに
already / by now
N3 adverbial sude-ni
もっとも
most (the superlative)
N3 adverbial mottomo
けっして
never / by no means
N3 adverbial kesshite
ただちに
immediately / at once
N3 adverbial tadachi-ni
たしかに
certainly / indeed
N3 adverbial tashika-ni
けっきょく
in the end / after all
N3 adverbial kekkyoku
けっこう
quite / fine (no thanks)
N3 adverbial kekkou
さあ
well
N3 interjection saa
なるほど
I see / indeed
N3 interjection naruhodo
かんけいがある
to be related to ~
N3 other kankei-ga-aru
になれる
to get used to ~
N3 other ni-nareru
はでゆうめい
~ is famous for ~
N3 other wa-de-yuumei
さゆうする
to influence / determine ~
N3 other sayuu-suru
むき
suited for / facing ~
N3 other muki
むけ
intended for / aimed at ~
N3 other muke
じしん
oneself / itself (emphatic)
N3 other jishin
めん
in terms of ~ / the ~ side
N3 other men
こういった
such
N3 other kou-itta
こうした
such
N3 other kou-shita
となる
to become
N3 other to-naru
いご
after / from then on / hereafter
N3 other igo
いこう
after / from ~ onward
N3 other ikou
なん〜も
as many as ~ / many ~
N3 other nan-mo
はんご
rhetorical question
N3 other rhetorical-question
じぶん
oneself / myself
N3 other jibun
おこなう
to carry out
N3 other okonau
すうりょうは
は after a quantity: at least
N3 particle suuryou-wa
〜か〜かどちらか
either ~ or ~
N3 particle ka-ka-dochiraka
かね
sentence-final 'I wonder / right?'
N3 particle ka-ne
はくらいです
~ is about
N3 particle wa-kurai-desu
までで
up through (a point), and that is the cutoff
N3 particle made-de
てさしあげる
do ~ for someone
N3 auxiliary te-sashiageru
ことなのだ
the fact is that ~
N3 modality koto-nano
てもしかたがない
there's no use ~ing
N3 modality temo-shikata-ga-nai
というのはじじつだ
it is a fact that ~
N3 modality to-iu-no-wa-jijitsu-da
られる
honorific/spontaneous られる: respectful verb form, and spontan
N3 honorific rareru
かはによってちがう
whether ~ varies depending on ~
N3 connective ka-wa-ni-yotte-chigau
あいだは
during the time that ~ / as long as ~
N3 connective aida-wa
うちは
as long as ~
N3 connective uchi-wa
にかわって
instead of / on behalf of
N3 connective ni-kawatte
にかんしては
as for
N3 connective ni-kanshite-wa
のは〜のことだ
what is meant by ~ is
N3 connective no-wa-no-koto-da
ぜんしゃは
the former ~
N3 connective zensha-wa
がち
tend to ~ / be prone to ~
N3 adverbial gachi
あまり
so much/so ~ that
N3 adverbial amari-2
めったにない
seldom ~
N3 adverbial metta-ni-nai
ぜんぶは〜ない
not all ~
N3 adverbial zenbu-wa-nai
またも
again
N3 adverbial mata-mo
のすがた
the figure/form of ~
N3 other no-sugata
ああした
that kind of ~
N3 other aa-shita
ふつうの
ordinary / usual / plain ~
N3 other futsu-no
さいごまで
until the very end
N3 other saigo-made
5 JLPT N2 386 points
あたり
around ~ / approximately ~
N2 particle atari
からにかけて
from ~ through ~ / over the range of
N2 particle kara-ni-kakete
だけは
do at least ~
N2 particle dake-wa
でしかない
is merely ~ / is nothing more than ~
N2 particle de-shika-nai
のうちで
within ~
N2 particle no-uchi-de
ぶり
after an interval of ~ (三年ぶり 'first time in 3 years')
N2 particle buri
ぶん
the portion/amount of ~
N2 particle bun
ぬきで
without ~
N2 particle nuki-de
ったら
speaking of ~ (exasperated/emphatic topic)
N2 particle ttara
といった
such as
N2 particle to-itta
とは
what is called ~ (definition)
N2 particle to-wa
において
in
N2 particle ni-oite
につき
per (each)
N2 particle ni-tsuki
にも
にも — even/also to (emphatic に+も)
N2 particle ni-mo
にわたって
over
N2 particle ni-watatte
にむかって
toward
N2 particle ni-mukatte
にむけて
toward / aimed at
N2 particle ni-mukete
のみ
only / merely
N2 particle nomi
もまた
also
N2 particle mo-mata
てんで
in the respect that
N2 particle ten-de
つつある
to be in the process of ~ing
N2 aspect tsutsu-aru
としても
even if ~
N2 conditional to-shite-mo
かぎり
as long as ~
N2 conditional kagiri
たって
even if one tries to ~
N2 conditional tatte-2
ぬく
to do ~ all the way through (despite hardship)
N2 auxiliary nuku
かねない
might (do something undesirable)
N2 modality kanenai
かねる
cannot ~ / be unable to ~ (polite decline)
N2 modality kaneru
かのようだ
as if ~
N2 modality ka-no-you-da
かのように
as if / as though ~
N2 modality ka-no-youni
〜ざるをえない
cannot help but ~
N2 modality zaru-o-enai
っこない
there's no way ~
N2 modality kkonai
てしょうがない
can't help (feeling) ~
N2 modality te-shou-ga-nai
てとうぜんだ
it's only natural that ~
N2 modality te-touzen-da
というものだ
that's what ~ really is
N2 modality to-iu-mono-da
というものではない
it's not necessarily that ~
N2 modality to-iu-mono-dewa-nai
というわけではない
it's not that ~
N2 modality to-iu-wake-dewa-nai
とかんがえられる
it is thought that ~
N2 modality to-kangaerareru
どころではない
this is no time for ~ / far from ~ing
N2 modality dokoro-de-wa-nai
なくてすむ
to get by without ~ing
N2 modality nakute-sumu
なくはない
it's not that ~ isn't so
N2 modality naku-wa-nai
にきまっている
must be / it's bound to be ~
N2 modality ni-kimatte-iru
にこしたことはない
there's nothing better than ~
N2 modality ni-koshita-koto-wa-nai
のではないだろうか
isn't it (perhaps) that ~?
N2 modality no-dewa-nai-darou-ka
のもとうぜんだ
it's only natural that ~
N2 modality no-mo-touzen-da
ものがある
there really is something ~ about it
N2 modality mono-ga-aru
もとうぜんだ
it's only natural that ~
N2 modality mo-touzen-da
けいこうがある
there is a tendency to ~ / be inclined to ~
N2 modality keikou-ga-aru
きけんせいがある
there is a danger / risk that ~
N2 modality kikensei-ga-aru
えない
cannot possibly ~ / it is impossible that ~
N2 modality enai
える
can / it is possible to ~
N2 modality eru
たらいいのに
I wish ~
N2 modality tara-ii-noni
てはならない
must not ~
N2 modality te-wa-naranai
ないわけにはいかない
cannot help but ~
N2 modality nai-wake-ni-wa-ikanai
にすぎない
no more than
N2 modality ni-suginai
ねばならない
must / have to
N2 modality neba-naranai
ものではない
one should not ~
N2 modality mono-de-wa-nai
とうぜんだ
it is natural/obvious that ~
N2 modality touzen-da
おそれがある
there is a risk/fear/danger that ~
N2 modality osore-ga-aru
とか
I heard that ~
N2 quotation toka-2
おもわれる
to seem
N2 passive omowareru
かというと
as for whether ~ / when it comes to ~
N2 connective ka-to-iu-to
かとおもうと
just when ~ / no sooner... than
N2 connective ka-to-omou-to
からこそ
precisely because ~
N2 connective kara-koso
からして
judging even from ~ / starting with ~
N2 connective kara-shite
からすると
judging from ~
N2 connective kara-suru-to
からといって
just because ~
N2 connective kara-to-itte
からには
now that / since ~
N2 connective kara-ni-wa
からみて
judging from / from the perspective of ~
N2 connective kara-mite
からみると
from the viewpoint of ~
N2 connective kara-miru-to
がきっかけで
triggered by ~
N2 connective ga-kikkake-de
くせして
even though ~
N2 connective kuse-shite
ことだから
because it's ~ (knowing them)
N2 connective koto-dakara
ことなく
without ~ing (even once)
N2 connective koto-naku
ずにすむ
to get by without ~ing
N2 connective zu-ni-sumu
たすえ
after (much) ~
N2 connective ta-sue
ていては
if one keeps ~ing
N2 connective te-ite-wa
てこそ
only by ~ing
N2 connective te-koso
であっても
even if it is ~ / even being ~
N2 connective de-atte-mo
というふうに
in the manner of ~
N2 connective to-iu-fuu-ni
ところに
right when ~
N2 connective tokoro-ni
どころか
far from ~ / on the contrary
N2 connective dokoroka
にしたら
from ~'s standpoint
N2 connective ni-shitara
にもかかわらず
despite ~
N2 connective nimo-kakawarazu
にくわえて
in addition to ~
N2 connective ni-kuwaete
にむけて/むけた
toward
N2 connective ni-mukete-muketa
にこたえて
in response to ~
N2 connective ni-kotaete
にそって
along ~
N2 connective ni-sotte
にかかわる
to affect ~
N2 connective ni-kakawaru
はともかく
setting ~ aside
N2 connective wa-tomokaku
〜はもちろん
~ of course
N2 connective wa-mochiron
はもとより
not to mention ~
N2 connective wa-moto-yori
〜はべつとして
apart from ~
N2 connective wa-betsu-to-shite
もかまわず
without caring about ~
N2 connective mo-kamawazu
ものだから
because ~
N2 connective mono-dakara
ものですから
because ~ (polite explanation/excuse)
N2 connective mono-desu-kara
をめぐって/めぐる
concerning
N2 connective megutte-meguru
いっぽうで
on one hand / while / meanwhile
N2 connective ippou-de
うえで
after ~ / upon ~
N2 connective no-ue-de
いじょうは
now that / since ~
N2 connective ijou-wa
いじょうに
more than ~
N2 connective ijou-ni
はんめん
on the other hand / while ~
N2 connective hanmen
けっか
as a result of ~
N2 connective kekka
かぎりは
as long as / so far as ~
N2 connective kagiri-wa
あるいは
or / alternatively
N2 connective aruiwa
おまけに
on top of that
N2 connective omake-ni
および
and
N2 connective oyobi
かといって
that said / but then again / even so
N2 connective ka-to-itte
さらに
furthermore
N2 connective sara-ni
しかも
moreover
N2 connective shika-mo
そういえば
now that you mention it
N2 connective sou-ieba
そのうえ
moreover
N2 connective sono-ue
そのうえに
on top of that
N2 connective sono-ue-ni
それなのに
and yet
N2 connective sore-nanoni
それにしても
even so
N2 connective sore-ni-shitemo
だからといって
even so / that doesn't necessarily mean ~
N2 connective dakara-to-itte
ちなみに
incidentally / by the way
N2 connective chinami-ni
ては
if/whenever ~ (then a bad result)
N2 connective te-wa
てはじめて
only after ~
N2 connective te-hajimete
というか
or rather
N2 connective to-iu-ka
ということは
that is to say
N2 connective to-iu-koto-wa
というのに
even though ~
N2 connective to-iu-noni
というような
such ~ as
N2 connective to-iu-youna
というように
in such a way as ~
N2 connective to-iu-youni
というよりは
rather than ~
N2 connective to-iu-yori-wa
といったら
speaking of ~
N2 connective to-ittara
といって
saying that ~
N2 connective to-itte
といっても
even though I say ~
N2 connective to-itte-mo
とともに
together with
N2 connective to-tomo-ni
となると
when it comes to ~
N2 connective to-naru-to
とどうじに
at the same time as
N2 connective to-douji-ni
なしに
without ~ing
N2 connective nashi-ni
なぜかというと
the reason is that ~
N2 connective naze-ka-to-iu-to
なぜかというと〜からだ
the reason being ... is because ~
N2 connective naze-ka-to-iu-to-kara-da
なにしろ
at any rate
N2 connective nanishiro
にかかわらず
regardless of
N2 connective ni-kakawarazu
にもかかわらず
in spite of
N2 connective ni-mo-kakawarazu
にともなって
along with
N2 connective ni-tomonatte
にはんして
contrary to
N2 connective ni-hanshite
にはんする
contrary to
N2 connective ni-hanshite-2
にもとづいて
based on
N2 connective ni-motozuite
にしたがって
in accordance with
N2 connective ni-shitagatte
におうじて
according to
N2 connective ni-oujite
にかぎらず
not limited to
N2 connective ni-kagirazu
のことだから
since it's ~
N2 connective no-koto-da-kara
ものの
although
N2 connective mono-no
をもとに(して)
based on
N2 connective o-moto-ni
をちゅうしんとして
centering on
N2 connective o-chushin-to-ni-shite
をとわず
regardless of
N2 connective o-towazu
をとおして
through
N2 connective o-toshite
をつうじて
through
N2 connective o-tsujite
をのぞいて
except for
N2 connective o-nozoite
うえ(に)
in addition to ~
N2 connective ue-ni
したがって
therefore
N2 connective shitagatte
ようするに
in short
N2 connective yousuru-ni
いうまでもない
needless to say / it goes without saying
N2 connective ju-made-mo-nai
ぎゃくに
conversely / on the contrary / the other way around
N2 connective gyaku-ni
さいに
on the occasion of
N2 connective sai-ni
ふうに
in the manner of / like ~
N2 adverbial fuu-ni
いきなり
suddenly / without warning
N2 adverbial ikinari
いつのまにか
before one knows it
N2 adverbial itsu-no-ma-ni-ka
いよいよ
at last / now the climax
N2 adverbial iyoiyo
うっかり
carelessly
N2 adverbial ukkari
おそらく
probably / in all likelihood
N2 adverbial osoraku
かえって
on the contrary / rather / instead
N2 adverbial kaette
さすが
as expected (impressively)
N2 adverbial sasuga
さすがに
even ~ / understandably
N2 adverbial sasuga-ni
そもそも
in the first place
N2 adverbial somosomo
たちまち
in an instant
N2 adverbial tachimachi
ついに
finally / at last
N2 adverbial tsui-ni
とっくに
long ago / already
N2 adverbial tokku-ni
とりあえず
for now / first of all
N2 adverbial toriaezu
どうせ
anyway / after all (resigned)
N2 adverbial douse
どうにか
somehow / manage to
N2 adverbial dou-ni-ka
どうやら
apparently / it seems
N2 adverbial dou-yara
どちらかというと
if anything / rather / if you ask which
N2 adverbial dochira-ka-to-iu-to
どちらかといえば
if anything / if I had to choose / relatively speaking
N2 adverbial dochira-ka-to-ieba
ますます
increasingly
N2 adverbial masumasu
もうすこしで
almost
N2 adverbial mou-sukoshi-de
やがて
before long / eventually
N2 adverbial yagate
よほど
considerably
N2 adverbial yohodo
ろくに
not properly ~
N2 adverbial roku-ni-nai
わずかに
slightly
N2 adverbial wazuka-ni
いっさいない
not at all / not in the least ~
N2 adverbial issai-nai
いっそう
even more / all the more ~
N2 adverbial issou
いちおう
more or less / just in case
N2 adverbial ichiou
いっきに
in one go / all at once
N2 adverbial ikki-ni
まんがいち
in the unlikely event that ~
N2 adverbial man-ga-ichi
なにからなにまで
everything
N2 adverbial nani-kara-nani-made
なにしろ
at any rate
N2 adverbial nani-shiro
なんといっても
above all
N2 adverbial nan-to-ittemo
なにより
more than anything
N2 adverbial nani-yori
たんに
simply
N2 adverbial tan-ni
じつに
truly / really / indeed
N2 adverbial jitsuni
すくなくとも
at least
N2 adverbial sukunakutomo
さいわい
fortunately
N2 adverbial saiwai
かならずしも
not necessarily / not always
N2 adverbial kanarazushimo
おもうように
as one wishes
N2 adverbial omou-you-ni
あきらかに
clearly / obviously
N2 adverbial akiraka-ni
いまだに
still (even now)
N2 adverbial imada-ni
あんがい
unexpectedly / surprisingly
N2 adverbial angai
ようやく
finally (at long last)
N2 adverbial youyaku
まちがいなく
without doubt / definitely
N2 adverbial machigai-naku
がきになる
to be worried/curious about ~
N2 other ga-ki-ni-naru
にきをつける
to be careful about ~
N2 other ni-ki-o-tsukeru
をにまかせる
to leave ~ to ~
N2 other o-ni-makaseru
いかす
to make the most of ~
N2 other ikasu
じょう
from the standpoint of / in terms of ~
N2 other jou
がい
worth doing / the rewarding value of ~
N2 other kai-gai
じたい
itself / in itself
N2 other jitai
いわゆる
so-called / what is known as ~
N2 other iwayuru
なんらかの
some (kind of)
N2 other nanraka-no
なんらかの/なにかの
some (kind of) ~
N2 other nani-ka-no
からなる
consist of / be composed of ~
N2 particle kara-naru
〜や〜や
things like ~ and ~
N2 particle ya-ya
〜やら〜やら
what with ~ and ~
N2 particle yara-yara
それは
as for that / that's really ~
N2 particle sore-wa
ですら
even ~
N2 particle de-sura
とも
of course / certainly (emphatic)
N2 particle tomo
にかぎって
of all ~ / (precisely) this one
N2 particle ni-kagitte
やら
something or other / I wonder ~
N2 particle yara
sentence-final わ (soft emphasis, traditionally feminine)
N2 particle wa-3
たんいで
by units of
N2 particle tani-de
ばかりだ
things only keep ~ing
N2 aspect bakari-da
ないことにはない
unless you ~, (it won't happen)
N2 conditional nai-koto-niwa-nai
ばほどいい
the more ~, the better
N2 conditional ba-hodo-yoi
〜ようでは
if it is the case that ~
N2 conditional youde-wa
たりしたら
if
N2 conditional tari-shitara
ないことには
unless ~
N2 conditional nai-koto-ni-wa
なしでは
without ~ (there can be no ~)
N2 conditional nashi-de-wa
なしには
without ~
N2 conditional nashi-ni-wa
のであれば
if it is the case that ~ / if so ~
N2 conditional no-de-areba
ものなら
if one could (by any chance) ~
N2 conditional mono-nara
not ~ / without ~ing
N2 auxiliary zu
たまえ
do ~
N2 auxiliary tamae
てみせる
do ~ to show / I'll show you I can ~
N2 auxiliary te-miseru
おねがう
to
N2 auxiliary o-negau
classical/literary negative auxiliary (= ない)
N2 auxiliary nu
ことにはならない
it doesn't mean (that) ~
N2 modality koto-niwa-naranai
〜ずにはいられない
cannot help but ~
N2 modality zu-ni-wa-irarenai
だけ(のこと)だ
it's simply a matter of ~ / that's all
N2 modality dake-no-koto-da
だけのことはある
no wonder ~ / ~ lives up to its reputation
N2 modality dake-no-koto-wa-aru
だけましだ
at least ~ is better (than the worse alternative)
N2 modality dake-mashi-da
ないではいられない
can't help but ~
N2 modality nai-dewa-irarenai
にそういない
there is no doubt that ~
N2 modality ni-soui-nai
のももっともだ
it's only natural that ~
N2 modality no-mo-mottomo-da
べきか
should one ~?
N2 modality beki-ka
ほどのことはない
it's not so much as to ~ / not worth ~ing
N2 modality hodo-no-koto-wa-nai
ものか
(emphatic rhetorical) there's no way ~!
N2 modality mono-ka
ようかまいか
whether to ~ or not
N2 modality you-ka-mai-ka
ようではないか
let's ~ / shall we not ~
N2 modality you-dewa-nai-ka
よりほかない
there is no choice but to ~
N2 modality yori-hoka-nai
よりしかたがない
have no choice but to ~
N2 modality yori-shikata-ga-nai
よりほかない
there is no choice but ~
N2 modality yori-hoka-nai-2
いがいにない
there is nothing but ~ / no choice but ~
N2 modality igai-ni-nai
かいがある
it's worth the effort to ~
N2 modality kai-ga-aru
ことか
exclamatory: how ~! / how very ~
N2 modality koto-ka
たらいいのだが
I wish ~
N2 modality tara-ii-no-da-ga
てならない
can't help feeling ~
N2 modality te-naranai
てはいられない
can't afford to keep ~ing
N2 modality te-wa-irarenai
であろう
probably / surely ~
N2 modality de-arou
どれほどことか
how much ~!
N2 modality dorehodo-koto-ka
どんなにことか
how very ~!
N2 modality donnani-koto-ka
ないこともない
it's not impossible to/that ~
N2 modality nai-koto-mo-nai
ないことも/はない
it is not that ~ never (happens)
N2 modality nai-koto-mo-wa-nai
ないでもない
it's not that ~ isn't so
N2 modality nai-de-mo-nai
なくもない
it's not that there isn't ~
N2 modality naku-mo-nai
にほかならない
is nothing but
N2 modality ni-hokanaranai
まい
will surely not ~ / will never ~
N2 modality mai
ましだ
is preferable
N2 modality mashida
もうすこし/ちょっとで〜するところ
was on the verge of ~
N2 modality mou-sukoshi-de-suru-tokoro
すべては〜ない
not all
N2 modality subete-wa-nai
との
the ~ that (reported content + noun)
N2 quotation to-no
とのこと
I'm told that ~ / word is that ~
N2 quotation to-no-koto
などとは
(quoting) something like ~
N2 quotation nado-to-wa
よう
〜よう: a way/means of doing (やりよう)
N2 nominalizer you
のなさ
the lack/absence of ~
N2 nominalizer no-nasa
every time
N2 connective to-itsu-de-mo
あげく(に)
after ~ (and as an unfortunate result)
N2 connective ageku-ni
かないかのうちに
no sooner had ~ than
N2 connective ka-nai-ka-no-uchi-ni
かとおもえば
just when one thought ~ / no sooner... than
N2 connective ka-to-omoeba
からいって
judging from / from the standpoint of ~
N2 connective kara-itte
がけに
on the way / just as one is ~ing
N2 connective gake-ni
ことは〜が
it is true that ~, but ~
N2 connective koto-wa-ga
だけあって
as one would expect of ~ / fittingly ~
N2 connective dake-atte
だけに
precisely because ~
N2 connective dake-ni
だけのことはあって
as befits ~ / fittingly because ~
N2 connective dake-no-koto-wa-atte
てでも
even by ~ / even if it means ~
N2 connective te-demo
てはては
repeatedly ~ing and ~ing
N2 connective tewa-tewa
というてんからかんがえると
thinking from the standpoint that ~
N2 connective to-iu-ten-kara-kangaeru-to
ところを
at a moment when ~ / catching one in the midst of ~
N2 connective tokoro-o
ところをみると
judging from the fact that ~
N2 connective tokoro-o-miru-to
とはいうものの
although
N2 connective to-wa-iu-mono-no
にかけては
when it comes to ~ / as for ~
N2 connective ni-kakete-wa
にしてもにしても
whether ~ or ~
N2 connective ni-shitemo-ni-shitemo
にしろにしろ
whether ~ or ~
N2 connective ni-shiro-ni-shiro
にさきだち
prior to ~
N2 connective ni-sakidachi
〜ばかりか〜(さえ)
not only ~ but even ~
N2 connective bakari-ka
ばかりに
simply because ~
N2 connective bakari-ni
ままに
as ~
N2 connective mama-ni
も〜ば
~ and also ~
N2 connective mo-ba
もし〜もする
both does ~ and ~
N2 connective mo-shi-mo
〜ようと / 〜ようが
no matter ~ / whatever ~
N2 connective you-to-ga
をちゅうしんに
centering on ~
N2 connective o-chushin-ni
をけいきに
taking ~ as a turning point
N2 connective o-keiki-ni
じょうは
in terms of / as far as ~ goes
N2 connective jou-wa
なかを
amid
N2 connective naka-o
ことによる
to be due to ~
N2 connective koto-ni-yoru
さらには
and even / moreover (escalating)
N2 connective sara-ni-wa
そこで
at that point
N2 connective soko-de-2
それが
actually ~ / but (against expectation)
N2 connective sore-ga
それどころか
far from it
N2 connective sore-dokoroka
それも
and that too / and what's more
N2 connective sore-mo
ただし
however
N2 connective tadashi
ついては
regarding ~
N2 connective tsuite-wa
つつ
while ~ing
N2 connective tsutsu
というのは〜ことだ
X means that ~
N2 connective to-iu-no-wa-koto-da
とかで
because of something like ~ (reported reason)
N2 connective toka-de
ときに
by the way (topic shift)
N2 connective toki-ni
ところから
from the fact that ~ / which is why
N2 connective tokoro-kara
とならんで
alongside ~ / on a par with ~
N2 connective to-narande
とおなじく
the same as ~ / likewise
N2 connective to-onajiku
とぎゃくに
contrary to ~ / the opposite of ~
N2 connective to-gyaku-ni
ないでも
even without ~ing
N2 connective nai-de-mo
なお
note that ~ / in addition (supplementary)
N2 connective nao
にしろ
whether ~ or
N2 connective ni-shiro
につけ
every time
N2 connective ni-tsuke
にあたって
on the occasion of
N2 connective ni-atatte
にかんけいなく
regardless of
N2 connective ni-kankei-naku
にさいして
on the occasion of
N2 connective ni-saishite
のち(に)
after
N2 connective nochi-ni
のほか(に)(は)〜ない
nothing/no one but ~
N2 connective no-hoka-ni-wa-nai
のほかに〜ない
nothing but ~
N2 connective no-hoka-ni-nai
のみならず
not only ~ but also
N2 connective nomi-narazu
のもとで
under
N2 connective no-moto-de
のうえでは
on
N2 connective no-ue-de-wa
のてんで
in terms of
N2 connective no-ten-de
のかんけいで
due to
N2 connective no-kankei-de
まだしも
~ would be one thing (acceptable), but
N2 connective madashimo
もしくは
or
N2 connective moshikuwa
をめぐって
concerning
N2 connective o-megutte
をめざして
aiming for
N2 connective o-mezashite
をもくひょうに
with the goal/target of ~
N2 connective o-mokuhyou-ni
いっぽうでは〜たほうでは〜
on one hand ~, on the other hand ~
N2 connective ippou-de-wa-tahou-de-wa
おもえば
thinking back
N2 connective omoeba
おり
time
N2 connective ori
おりに
on the occasion of / when
N2 connective ori-ni
すえに
after (much ~)
N2 connective sue-ni
しだい
as soon as ~ / depending on ~
N2 connective shidai
しだいで
depending on ~ (the outcome varies)
N2 connective shidai-de
しゅんかんに
the moment that ~
N2 connective shunkan-ni
だいいち
first of all / for one thing / to begin with
N2 connective daiichi
いってみれば
so to speak / as it were
N2 connective itte-mireba
さい
occasion
N2 connective sai
としてない
not even one ~
N2 adverbial to-shite-nai
かぎり
only / as of
N2 adverbial kagiri-2
いかにも
indeed / truly / certainly
N2 adverbial ikanimo
いつもはない
not always / not usually ~
N2 adverbial itsumo-wa-nai
およそ
roughly
N2 adverbial oyoso
ことに
to one's ~
N2 adverbial koto-ni
そうした
such
N2 adverbial sou-shita
そのもの
itself
N2 adverbial sono-mono
ただの
mere
N2 adverbial tada-no
とうてい〜ない
cannot possibly ~
N2 adverbial toutei-nai
どういうわけだか
for some reason / somehow
N2 adverbial dou-iu-wake-da-ka
どうしてだか
for some reason / somehow
N2 adverbial doushite-da-ka
どこまでも
thoroughly / to the very end / persistently
N2 adverbial doko-made-mo
みんなはない
not everyone/everything ~
N2 adverbial minna-wa-nai
ひとつ
(adverbial) for one thing / kindly
N2 adverbial hitotsu
いったん
once / temporarily
N2 adverbial ittan
いまさら
now
N2 adverbial imasara
かりに
supposing / hypothetically / for argument's sake
N2 adverbial kari-ni
いぜんとして
still / as ever / as before
N2 adverbial izen-to-shite
わずか
only
N2 adverbial wazuka
わりあい
comparatively
N2 adverbial wariai
おもいきって
boldly
N2 adverbial omoikitte
おもわず
involuntarily
N2 adverbial omowazu
はたして
sure enough / as expected
N2 adverbial hatashite
いわば
so to speak / as it were / one might say
N2 adverbial iwaba
どうし
among / between fellow ~ / each other
N2 other doushi
きんし
prohibition of ~ / no ~ing
N2 other kinshi
ふうの
~-style / ~-like / in the manner of ~
N2 other fu-no
れいの
that (we both know about)
N2 other rei-no
すませる
to finish/settle (something)
N2 other sumaseru
すむ
to be finished
N2 other sumu
じぶん
自分 used as a personal 'I/me'
N2 other jibun-2
ねがう
to request/wish
N2 other negau
6 JLPT N1 319 points
までもない
there is no need to even ~
N1 modality made-mo-nai
とはいうものの
having said that ~
N1 connective towa-iu-mono-no
にかかっている
depends on ~
N1 connective ni-kakatteiru
をぜんていに
on the premise of ~
N1 connective o-zentei-ni
をふまえて
based on ~
N1 connective o-fumaete
いずれにしても
in any case
N1 connective izure-ni-shitemo
あらかじめ
beforehand
N1 adverbial arakajime
かつて
once / formerly
N1 adverbial katsute
もはや
now (already)
N1 adverbial mohaya
おもいをする
to have a ~ experience/feeling
N1 other omoi-o-suru
なりに
in one's own way
N1 other nari-ni
なりに/なりの
in a way appropriate to ~
N1 other nari-ni-no
からにいたるまで
from ~ all the way to ~
N1 particle kara-ni-itaru-made
からある
as much/many as ~
N1 particle kara-aru
かいなか
whether or not ~
N1 particle ka-ina-ka
ぐるみ
the whole ~ together
N1 particle gurumi
ずくめ
all ~
N1 particle zukume
〜だの〜だの
things like ~ and ~
N1 particle da-no-da-no
ならでは
distinctive of ~
N1 particle nara-dewa
なり〜なり
whether ~ or ~
N1 particle nari-nari
のやら
I wonder ~ (uncertainty
N1 particle no-yara
のやらのやら
whether ~ or ~
N1 particle no-yara-no-yara
かで
under
N1 particle ka-de
すら
even
N1 particle sura
そこを
(do it) despite that
N1 particle soko-o
ただのみだ
all one can do is ~
N1 particle tada-nomi-da
emotive を — marks emotion/exclamation, esp. clause-final ものを
N1 particle o-4
くらいなら
rather than ~
N1 conditional kurai-nara
たらところだ
if ~ had happened, then ~ would have
N1 conditional tara-tokoro-da
たらさいご
once you ~, there's no going back
N1 conditional tara-saigo
とあれば
if it is the case that ~
N1 conditional to-areba
ともなると
when it comes to ~
N1 conditional to-mo-naru-to
といえども
even though ~ / although ~
N1 conditional to-ie-domo
ばそれまでだ
if ~, then that's the end of it
N1 conditional ba-sore-made-da
〜ようものなら
if
N1 conditional you-mono-nara
とあっては
if it's the case that
N1 conditional to-atte-wa
なくして(は)
without ~ (there can be no ~)
N1 conditional nakushite-wa
じみた
tinged with ~
N1 auxiliary jimita
そびれる
to miss the chance to ~
N1 auxiliary sobireru
びる
to take on the quality of ~
N1 auxiliary biru
ぶる
to put on airs of ~
N1 auxiliary buru
まくる
to do ~ vigorously, relentlessly, or over and over
N1 auxiliary makuru
めく
to show signs of ~
N1 auxiliary meku
そこなう
to fail to ~
N1 auxiliary sokonau
きらいがある
tend to ~ / have a
N1 modality kirai-ga-aru
くらいのものだ
~ is about the only one/extent
N1 modality kurai-no-mono-da
ずじまい
ended up not ~ing
N1 modality zu-jimai
ずにはすまない
can't get away without ~ing
N1 modality zu-niwa-sumanai
たことにする
to pretend that ~ happened
N1 modality ta-koto-ni-suru
たつもりはない
didn't mean to ~
N1 modality ta-tsumori-wa-nai
たまでだ
merely ~ed (and nothing more)
N1 modality ta-made-da
ためしがない
it has never once happened that ~
N1 modality tameshi-ga-nai
だろうに
surely ~, and yet
N1 modality darou-ni
てもどうにもならない
even if ~, nothing can be done about it
N1 modality temo-dou-ni-mo-naranai
てもさしつかえない
it's fine even if ~
N1 modality temo-sashitsukaenai
てもしらない
if you ~, I won't be responsible
N1 modality temo-shiranai
てかなわない
unbearably ~
N1 modality te-kanawanai
てすむことではない
~ alone won't settle it
N1 modality te-sumu-koto-dewa-nai
ではすまない
it won't end with just ~
N1 modality dewa-sumanai
でもなんでもない
not ~ in the least
N1 modality demo-nan-demo-nai
というところ
about ~
N1 modality to-iu-tokoro
とはくらべものにならない
cannot be compared with ~
N1 modality towa-kurabemono-ni-naranai
といえなくもない
one could even say that ~
N1 modality to-ienaku-mo-nai
どころのはなしではない
it's not a matter of ~ / far from it
N1 modality dokoro-no-hanashi-de-wa-nai
ないともかぎらない
it's not necessarily not ~
N1 modality nai-tomo-kagiranai
ないものか
isn't there some way to ~?
N1 modality nai-mono-ka
ないものでもない
it's not entirely impossible to ~
N1 modality nai-mono-demo-nai
にはあたらない
there's no need to ~
N1 modality niwa-ataranai
にはむりがある
~ is unreasonable / unrealistic
N1 modality ni-wa-muri-ga-aru
にもほどがある
there's a limit to ~
N1 modality nimo-hodo-ga-aru
にあたいする
to be worth ~
N1 modality ni-atai-suru
にたえる
to be worth ~ing / to withstand ~
N1 modality ni-taeru
にたらない
not worth ~ing
N1 modality ni-taranai
にかぎったことではない
not limited to just ~
N1 modality ni-kagitta-koto-dewa-nai
ほうがましだ
would rather ~
N1 modality hou-ga-mashi-da
ほどのことではない
it's not worth ~ing
N1 modality hodo-no-koto-dewa-nai
までだ/までのことだ
it's simply a matter of ~
N1 modality made-no-koto-da
ものとして
on the assumption that ~ / treating as ~
N1 modality mono-toshite
ものとする
shall ~ / it is stipulated that ~
N1 modality mono-to-suru
ものとおもう
to assume / take it for granted that ~
N1 modality mono-to-omou
ものとおもっていた
had assumed (mistakenly) that ~
N1 modality mono-to-omotte-ita
ものとおもわれる
it is presumed / believed that ~
N1 modality mono-to-omowareru
もどうぜんだ
practically ~
N1 modality mo-douzen-da
〜ようにも〜ない
even if one wanted to ~, one cannot
N1 modality you-ni-mo-nai
るまでだ
will simply ~ (if it comes to that)
N1 modality ru-made-da
をよぎなくさせる
to compel / force
N1 modality o-yoginaku-saseru
をよぎなくされる
to be forced to ~
N1 modality o-yoginaku-sareru
んばかり(に)
almost as if about to ~
N1 modality n-bakari-ni
きりがない
there's no end to ~
N1 modality kiri-ga-nai
しまつだ
end up (badly) ~
N1 modality shimatsu-da
しだいです
such is the situation that ~
N1 modality shidai-desu
はめになる
to end up stuck in
N1 modality hame-ni-naru
すべがない
there's no way/means to ~
N1 modality sube-ga-nai
かぎりだ
extremely ~ / couldn't be more ~
N1 modality kagiri-da
にもない
cannot ~ even if one wants to
N1 modality nimo-nai
それまでだ
that's the end of it
N1 modality sore-made-da
たくても〜ない
even if one wants to ~,
N1 modality takute-mo-nai
てばかりはいられない
can't keep just ~ing
N1 modality te-bakari-wa-irarenai
といったところだ
it's about ~
N1 modality to-itta-tokoro-da
にはおよばない
there is no need to ~
N1 modality ni-wa-oyobanai
しんぱいがある
there is a worry/risk that ~
N1 modality shinpai-ga-aru
あっての
A which exists only thanks to B
N1 connective atte-no
いかんで
depending on ~
N1 connective ikan-de
かたがた
while also doing ~
N1 connective katagata
かとおもいきや
just when one thought ~, contrary to expectation ~
N1 connective ka-to-omoikiya
がてら
while doing ~
N1 connective gatera
〜がはやいか
as soon as / no sooner than ~
N1 connective ga-hayai-ka
ことだし
since ~ (and also...)
N1 connective koto-dashi
ことなしに
without ~ing
N1 connective koto-nashi-ni
ことのないように
so as not to ~
N1 connective koto-no-nai-you-ni
こともあって
partly because ~
N1 connective koto-mo-atte
じゃあるまいし
it's not as though ~ / since it isn't ~
N1 connective ja-aru-mai-shi
そばから
no sooner than ~
N1 connective soba-kara
たらたで
even if/when ~ turns out, that brings its own issue
N1 connective tara-tade
たはずみに
the moment ~
N1 connective ta-hazumi-ni
だろうが/だろうと
whether ~ or not / no matter ~
N1 connective darou-ga-to
てからというもの
ever since ~
N1 connective te-kara-to-iu-mono
であれ
whether it be ~ / no matter ~
N1 connective de-are
ではあるまいし
it's not as if ~
N1 connective dewa-arumai-shi
でもありでもある
is both ~ and ~ at once
N1 connective demo-ari-demo-aru
といいといい
both ~ and ~
N1 connective to-ii-to-ii
といおうか
or should I say ~
N1 connective to-iou-ka
とあいまって
coupled with ~
N1 connective to-aimatte
ながらに
while remaining ~
N1 connective nagara-ni
ならで
if it's ~ then
N1 connective nara-de
ならまだしも
if it were ~ that would be one thing, but
N1 connective nara-madashimo
なり
as soon as ~
N1 connective nari
にしてみれば
from ~'s point of view
N1 connective ni-shite-mireba
にひきかえ
in contrast to ~
N1 connective ni-hikikae
にまつわる
related to ~
N1 connective ni-matsuwaru
にもまして
more than ~
N1 connective nimo-mashite
にさきがけて
ahead of ~
N1 connective ni-sakigakete
にのっとって
in accordance with ~
N1 connective ni-nottotte
にそくして
in keeping with ~
N1 connective ni-sokushite
にてらして
in light of ~
N1 connective ni-terashite
にいたる
to reach (the point/place of) ~
N1 connective ni-itaru
にいたるまで
all the way to ~
N1 connective ni-itaru-made
にいわせれば
if you ask ~
N1 connective ni-iwasereba
〜はいいとしても
even granting that ~ is fine/acceptable
N1 connective wa-ii-to-shite-mo
〜はさておき
setting ~ aside
N1 connective wa-sate-oki
〜はいうまでもなく
needless to say ~
N1 connective wa-iu-made-mo-naku
もしないで
without even ~ing
N1 connective mo-shinai-de
ようがまいが
whether or not ~
N1 connective you-ga-mai-ga
〜ようとも
even if ~
N1 connective you-tomo
ようによっては
depending on how
N1 connective you-ni-yotte-wa
をいいことに
taking advantage of ~
N1 connective o-ii-koto-ni
をもって
by means of ~
N1 connective o-motte
をかねて
serving also as ~
N1 connective o-kanete
をきに
taking ~ as an opportunity
N1 connective o-ki-ni
をかわきりに
starting with ~
N1 connective o-kawakiri-ni
をへて
via ~
N1 connective o-hete
おりには
on the occasion of ~
N1 connective ori-niwa
かいもなく
despite (one's efforts)
N1 connective kai-mo-naku
かつ
and / moreover / as well as
N1 connective katsu
さもないと
otherwise
N1 connective samonaito
しかしながら
nevertheless
N1 connective shikashi-nagara
すなわち
namely
N1 connective sunawachi
そうかといって
even so
N1 connective sou-ka-to-itte
それでいて
and yet
N1 connective sore-de-ite
それゆえ
therefore
N1 connective sore-yue
たとえていえば
to use an analogy
N1 connective tatoete-ieba
たところで
even if (one did)
N1 connective ta-tokoro-de
たなり
remaining in the state of (having done)
N1 connective ta-nari-de
とあって
because
N1 connective to-atte
ときたら
when it comes to ~
N1 connective to-kitara
とはいえ
even so
N1 connective to-wa-ie
とばかりに
as if to say ~
N1 connective to-bakari-ni
ともなく
without particular intention
N1 connective to-mo-naku
ともなしに
without conscious intent
N1 connective to-mo-nashi-ni
といわんばかりに
as if to say ~
N1 connective to-iwan-bakari-ni
ないし(は)
or
N1 connective naishi-wa
ないまでも
even if not ~ (at least)
N1 connective nai-made-mo
によらず
regardless of
N1 connective ni-yorazu
にとどまらず
not limited to
N1 connective ni-todomarazu
はおろか
let alone
N1 connective wa-oroka
まして(や)
let alone
N1 connective mashite-ya
もっとも
though
N1 connective mottomo-2
やいなや
as soon as ~ / the instant that ~
N1 connective ya-ina-ya
をかいして
through
N1 connective o-kaishite
ひとつには
for one thing / one reason being ~
N1 connective hitotsu-ni-wa
ならびに
and
N1 connective narabi-ni
くわえて
in addition
N1 connective kuwaete
ゆえに
therefore / because of ~
N1 connective yue-ni
せつに
on the occasion of
N1 connective setsu-ni
にして
at (a stage/age) / in (an instant)
N1 adverbial ni-shite
あえて
daringly / deliberately / going out of one's way to ~
N1 adverbial aete
あくまでも
to the very end / persistently / strictly
N1 adverbial akumade-mo
あながち〜ない
not necessarily ~ / not entirely ~
N1 adverbial anagachi-nai
いかに
how (much) ~ / however ~
N1 adverbial ikani
ことごとく
every single one
N1 adverbial kotogotoku
さぞ
surely
N1 adverbial sazo
それなりに
in its own way
N1 adverbial sore-nari-ni
たかが
merely
N1 adverbial takaga
ともすると
tend to
N1 adverbial to-mo-suru-to
ともすれば
tend to
N1 adverbial to-mo-sureba
どうかすると
sometimes / apt to / if things go a certain way
N1 adverbial dou-ka-suru-to
どうにも
(with negative) just can't
N1 adverbial dou-nimo
どうにもない
can't possibly ~ / there's no way to ~
N1 adverbial dou-ni-mo-nai
なおさら
all the more
N1 adverbial naosara
まるっきり
completely
N1 adverbial marukkiri
へたに
carelessly / ill-advisedly / clumsily
N1 adverbial hetani
ちゅうとはんぱ
halfway / incompletely / half-heartedly
N1 adverbial chuto-hanpa
なんらない
not ~ in the least
N1 adverbial nanra-nai
おのおの
each
N1 adverbial onoono
しいて
forcibly
N1 adverbial shiite
あんのじょう
sure enough / just as expected / as feared
N1 adverbial an-no-jo
きわめて
formal adverb: extremely
N1 adverbial kiwamete
おおむね
generally
N1 adverbial oomune
みるからに
obviously
N1 adverbial miru-kara-ni
かろうじて
barely / narrowly / only just
N1 adverbial karoujite
めいめい
each
N1 adverbial meimei
らい
for the past ~
N1 counter rai
といったらない
indescribably ~ / extremely ~
N1 other to-ittara-nai
ども
humble/derogatory pluralizing suffix for people
N1 other domo
なみ
on a par with
N1 other nami
いかん
depends on how ~ is / the nature of ~
N1 other ikan
いかなる
any / whatever / what kind of ~
N1 other ikanaru
ならではの
unique to
N1 other nara-de-wa-no
まみれ
covered/smeared all over with ~
N1 other mamire
いち〜としてない
not a single ~
N1 other ichi-to-shite-nai
きっての
the foremost ~
N1 particle kitte-no
たりとも
not even
N1 particle tari-tomo
だに
even (just) ~
N1 particle dani
なりとも
at least ~
N1 particle nari-tomo
〜わ〜わ
what with ~ and ~
N1 particle wa-wa
たるや
as for
N1 particle taruya
いちたりとも
not even a single ~
N1 particle ichi-tari-tomo-nai
〜が〜なら
if ~ is ~ then ~
N1 conditional ga-nara
であれであれ
whether ~ or ~
N1 conditional de-are-de-are
であろうが
whether it be ~ (or not)
N1 conditional de-arou-ga
がましい
having the appearance of ~
N1 auxiliary gamashii
てやまない
to ~ unceasingly
N1 auxiliary te-yamanai
かのごとく
as if / as though ~
N1 modality ka-no-gotoku
かろう
probably ~
N1 modality karou
〜ずにはおかない
will definitely ~
N1 modality zu-ni-wa-okanai
〜ずにはおられない
cannot help but ~
N1 modality zu-ni-wa-orarenai
てしかるべきだ
it's only proper to ~
N1 modality te-shikaru-beki-da
でなくてなんだろう
if this isn't ~, then what is it?
N1 modality denakute-nan-darou
ではあるまいか
isn't it perhaps ~?
N1 modality dewa-arumai-ka
ともあろう
someone as prominent/responsible as ~
N1 modality tomo-arou
〜に〜ない
want to ~ but cannot
N1 modality ni-nai
にしのびない
cannot bring oneself to ~
N1 modality ni-shinobinai
にはじない
worthy of ~
N1 modality ni-hajinai
にたる
worthy of ~
N1 modality ni-taru
のなんのって
indescribably ~
N1 modality no-nan-no-tte
べからず/べからざる
must not ~ (classical prohibition)
N1 modality bekarazu
べくもない
there is no way one can ~ / cannot possibly ~
N1 modality beku-mo-nai
まじき
unbecoming of
N1 modality majiki
んとする
be about to ~
N1 modality n-to-suru
ごとし
like / as if ~
N1 modality gotoshi
いかにことか
how very ~!
N1 modality ikani-koto-ka
このうえない
the utmost
N1 modality kono-ue-nai
たくとも〜ない
even if one wants to ~,
N1 modality taku-to-mo-nai
とでもいうべき
what one might call
N1 modality to-demo-iu-beki
などというものではない
it is not something you could merely call ~
N1 modality nado-to-iu-mono-de-wa-nai
にかたくない
not hard to ~
N1 modality ni-katakunai
をきんじえない
cannot help (feeling)
N1 modality okinji-enai
いかんだ
depending on ~
N1 connective ikan-da
いかんにかかわらず
regardless of ~
N1 connective ikan-ni-kakawarazu
かれかれ
whether ~ or ~
N1 connective kare-kare
こそあれ
though there is ~ (concession)
N1 connective koso-are
こそすれ
~ if anything, but certainly not
N1 connective koso-sure
こととて
because
N1 connective koto-tote
〜ずして
without ~ing
N1 connective zu-shite
〜ずとも
even without ~ing
N1 connective zu-tomo
であろうがと
whether ~ or / no matter ~
N1 connective de-arou-ga-to
〜であろうと〜であろうと
whether ~ or ~
N1 connective de-arou-to-de-arou-to
といわず
not to mention ~
N1 connective to-iwazu
といわずといわず
both ~ and ~ alike
N1 connective to-iwazu-to-iwazu
ならいざしらず
I don't know about ~
N1 connective nara-iza-shirazu
にをかさねて
piling ~ upon ~
N1 connective ni-o-kasanete
にあって
being in (a situation / time / place)
N1 connective ni-atte
にかかっては
in the hands of ~
N1 connective ni-kakatte-wa
にかこつけて
using ~ as a pretext or excuse
N1 connective ni-kakotsukete
にかまけて
being preoccupied with ~
N1 connective ni-kamakete
にして
both ~ and ~
N1 connective ni-shite-2
にいたっても
even after reaching the point of ~
N1 connective ni-itattemo
〜はあっても
even if there is ~
N1 connective wa-atte-mo
〜はあれ
even if there is ~
N1 connective wa-are
〜はいうにおよばず
needless to say ~
N1 connective wa-iu-ni-oyobazu
ばこそ
precisely because ~ / it is exactly because ~
N1 connective ba-koso
べく
in order to ~ / so as to ~
N1 connective beku
べくして
inevitably ~ / as was bound to happen
N1 connective beku-shite
〜ようたって
even if one tries to ~
N1 connective you-ttatte
んがために
in order to ~
N1 connective n-ga-tame-ni
かたわら
while / at the same time as ~
N1 connective katawara
さもなくば
otherwise
N1 connective samo-nakuba
さることながら
needless to say
N1 connective saru-koto-nagara
となく
indefinitely ~
N1 connective to-naku
ともなると
when it comes to
N1 connective ni-to-mo-naru-to
ともなれば
once it gets to
N1 connective ni-to-mo-nareba
にしたところで
even in the case of ~ / even ~ (concessive
N1 connective ni-shita-tokoro-de
にいたっては
when it comes to
N1 connective ni-itatte-wa
のなんのと
saying this and that
N1 connective no-no-to
もさることながら
~ is of course so, but (especially) ~ too
N1 connective mo-saru-koto-nagara
ものを
(if only ~,) but ~
N1 connective mono-o
をおいてほかに(は)〜ない
no one/nothing but ~
N1 connective o-oite-hoka-ni-wa-nai
をものともせず
in defiance of
N1 connective o-mono-to-mo-sezu
をよそに
ignoring
N1 connective o-yoso-ni
ひいては
and by extension / consequently / ultimately
N1 connective hiite-wa
いわんや
let alone / much less / to say nothing of ~
N1 connective iwanya
かんがえるに
considering ~ / when one thinks about it
N1 connective kangaeru-ni
のきわみ
the height/extreme of ~ (set emotional expressions, formal
N1 adverbial no-kiwami
のいたり
the height of ~
N1 adverbial no-itari
あたかも
just as if / as though
N1 adverbial atakamo
さも
truly
N1 adverbial samo
どうにもこうにもない
can't do anything at all / there's absolutely no way
N1 adverbial dou-ni-mo-kou-ni-mo-nai
なまじ(っか)
halfheartedly
N1 adverbial namaji-kka
にもなく
uncharacteristically
N1 adverbial ni-mo-naku
ややもすると
tend to ~
N1 adverbial yaya-mo-suru-to
ややもすれば
tend to ~
N1 adverbial yaya-mo-sureba
よもや
surely not ~
N1 adverbial yomoya
おもうに
in my opinion
N1 adverbial omou-ni
きわまりない
suffix on an adjective: extremely ~
N1 adverbial kiwamari-nai
classical nominalizing/adverbial 〜く (e.g. 曰く, 願わくは)
N1 other ku
なす
form
N1 other nasu
をおいてほかにない
there is no ~ other than
N1 other o-oite-hoka-ni-nai
をきんずる
to prohibit
N1 other o-kinzuru
たとえていうならば
so to speak
N1 other tatoete-iu-naraba

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